Acid mine drainage (AMD) contains high concentrations of heavy metals and sulfates with strong acidity. AMD exists in several major coal-producing countries such as China, the United States, Canada, etc., and it poses significant threaten to the environment and human health owing to it exists in nature for a long time and continues to cause harm after mining. In China, about 3.5 billion tons of AMD was produced annually and their negative effects on the ecological environment and human health in mining area cannot be ignored. Herein, the formation mechanism and environmental impact of AMD are discussed thoroughly. Additionally, the principles and applications of several AMD treatment technologies are discussed in detail and the limitations of the practical application of AMD in China are summarized. On this basis, the current status and importance of the resource utilization of AMD are further discussed. Finally, the future direction of AMD treatment is proposed. In principle, this review will provide useful implications in guiding the treatment and resource utilization of AMD. 

A review of acid mine drainage: Formation mechanism, treatment technology, typical engineering cases and resource utilization

Predicting the reactions of the backfill materials exposed to the effects of air and groundwater will eventually ensure an efficient and accurate mine fill system for sustainable mining operations. This paper reveals the effect of the mobility of sulfur ions within lead-zinc processing tailings on strength and quality of cemented mine backfills. Some laboratory tests such as X-ray diffraction, ion chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, combustion tests, chemical analysis, pH and zeta potential measurements were performed to better characterize the backfill’s mechanical and microstructural properties. Moreover, CEM II/A-P Portland pozzolan and CEM IV/A pozzolanic cements as ready-to-use cement products were used for cemented mine backfill preparation. To ensure the carrier of the lead-zinc tailings and to prevent the mobility of the sulfurous components, a binder content ranging from 3wt.% to 7wt.% were employed in mine backfills. The experimental findings demonstrate that the used cement type and proportions were insufficient and some fractures are occurred in the samples due to the sulfur ion mobility. Accordingly, one can state clearly that the elemental analysis through the combustion test method can provide fast and reliable results in the determination of sulfur within lead-zinc processing tailings.

/pdf/characterization-of-strength-and-quality-of-cemented-mine-399w0xwu52.pdf

Characterization of Strength and Quality of Cemented Mine Backfill Made up of Lead-Zinc Processing Tailings

ABSTRACT Overburden is the earth material removed during opencast mining, which is typically not contaminated with toxic materials. After mining operations, overburdens are dumped on exhausted mining sites. However, some opencast mines are not properly backfilled, and this causes harmful environmental effects, such as leaching of acid mine drainage. The flyash produced from thermal power plants is also a major waste that must be disposed of environmentally friendly. This study focuses on filling the voids of an abandoned mine with a mixture of 70% overburden + 30% flyash. A considerable improvement in acid mine drainage characteristics was found after either adding overburden or an overburden and flyash mixture. Sustainable management of coal mines should include the careful restoration of exhausted mines, which can be made possible by repurposing relevant industrial waste.

Assessment and characterization of waste material used as backfilling in an abandoned mine

Studies have investigated how environmental regulation increases the corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the corresponding entrepreneurship for enterprises, which conversely stimulates the adoption of more environment-friendly measures. This study investigates the mediating effect of CSR-based entrepreneurship on environmental improvement of atmospheric quality from 475 heavily polluting enterprises in Yangtze River Delta (YRD). The measured CSR-based entrepreneurship is relatively weak despite its significant increase in YRD during 2014–2019. The public regulations have positively stimulated CSR-based entrepreneurship and the non-public regulations have significantly supplemented the cultivation role of CSR-based entrepreneurship. The mediating effect of CSR-based entrepreneurship on atmospheric performances reaches 10.76%. The mediating effect due to non-public regulations increases and accounts for 11.80%, 18.40% and 23.05% of the total mediating effect, given the non-public regulation intensities of 0.32, 0.5935 and 0.788, respectively. The results confirm that raising the initiative of non-public regulations should be the priority of environmental governance. 

Mediating effect of corporate social responsibility-based entrepreneurship on environmental improvement: Evidence from 475 heavy-polluting enterprises

Coal-based thermal power plants play a pivotal role in meeting global energy demand. The amount of fly ash generated from these plants increases every year, and its successful use has posed a significant environmental risk in the last decade. In this study, coal fly ash was packed in a fixed-bed adsorption column to remove Urea–N from synthetic human urine. To assess the efficacy of fly ash in the removal of Nitrogen, various process parameters were tested, including initial urea concentration in urine (20, 40, 60%), fly ash loading in column (100, 150, 200 g), and urine flow rate through the column (2, 4, 6 L h−1). The initial urea concentration and bed height were found to have a major impact on nutrient recovery. Following nitrogen removal, the effluent urine was de-phosphatized using struvite precipitation and approximately 83% of phosphorus was recovered. High inlet urine concentration (60%), high flow rate (6 L h−1) and minimal adsorbent loading (100 g) resulted in maximum struvite precipitation. The column breakthrough and characteristic parameters of four different models were predicted using kinetic modelling of the adsorption data, in which Yoon–Nelson and Thomas’ models suggested efficient removal and recovery of plant essential nutrients. Findings in this study suggests that the coal fly ash appears to be a promising adsorbent for extracting these important plant nutrients. The effect of initial urine concentration, fly ash loading in the column, and urine flow rate on dephospatisation was calculated. The findings of this study will shed light on the process of nutrient adsorption process selection and detail the comparative differences between continuous and batch nutrient recovery of human urine.

Sustainable recovery of plant essential Nitrogen and Phosphorus from human urine using industrial coal fly ash

This study was aimed to screen the water quality of Ganga River in Haridwar city, Uttarakhand, India. The study was conducted based on their water source, origin of pollution such as utilisation by human and animals. Monthly changes in physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Volatile Suspended Solids were analyzed for a period of two year from January 2010 to December 2011.The results of this study reveal the status of water quality of Ganga River it may helpful to protect the water resources and create awareness about the water pollution among the people living around the city. The results indicated that physico-chemical parameters of the water were within the permissible limits.

/pdf/physico-chemical-analysis-of-municipal-wastewater-discharge-4hu7lwghbe.pdf

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Municipal Wastewater Discharge in Ganga River, Haridwar District of Uttarakhand, India

Acid mine drainage (AMD) occurs naturally in abandoned coal mines, and it contains hazardous toxic elements in varying concentrations. In the present research, AMD samples collected from an abandoned mine were treated with fly ash samples from four thermal power plants in Singrauli Coalfield in the proximate area, at optimized concentrations. The AMD samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and metal content before and after fly ash treatment. Morphological, geochemical and mineralogical characterization of the fly ash was performed using SEM, XRF and XRD. This laboratory-scale investigation indicated that fly ash had appreciable neutralization potential, increasing AMD pH and decreasing elemental and sulfate concentrations. Therefore, fly ash may be effectively used for AMD neutralization, and its suitability for the management of coalfield AMD pits should be assessed further.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/9/3910/pdf

Assessment of Characteristics of Acid Mine Drainage Treated with Fly Ash

Study on assessment of slope stability and mixed disposal of overburden in voids of Singrauli Coalfield

The acid mine water body has naturally occurred in the abandoned coal mine. An acid mine water body is the major problem of high sulfur coal mining areas that generate acidic water. The acidic mine water generated contains hazardous toxic elements in varying concentrations. Water samples have been collected from an abandoned mine (Gorbi). Flyash samples have been collected from the various thermal power plants of Singrauli Coalfield. The experiment has done at the laboratory scale. The water sample has been analyzed by analytical techniques, which are pH multiparameter equipment and ICP-ES. The Morphological, geochemical and mineralogical characterization of flyash has been done using available standard techniques SEM, XRF and XRD. The laboratory investigation of the pH value of flyash indicates this has appreciable neutralization potential and may effectively be used to neutralize acid water. This research has tried to develop a treatment method of acid mine water using flyash at a laboratory scale. This paper has suggested mitigation measures and how to control the pollutants so that the ecosystem of the area gets least disturbed by the associated mining activity. The purpose of studying is to assess their suitability for dumping in pit suffering from acid mine drainage.

Assessment and suitability for the dumping of flyash in an abandoned mine

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