We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

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Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

Although luminescent complexes of lanthanide ions and organic ligands have been studied intensively, relatively little attention has been paid to the natural (or ‘radiative’) lifetime of the lanthanide centered luminescent state in these systems. Here, the applicability of the well-known Judd–Ofelt theory to the emissive properties of Eu3+ complexes is investigated. Moreover, it is demonstrated experimentally that the radiative lifetime of the 5D0 excited state of Eu3+ can be calculated directly from its corrected emission spectrum, without using Judd–Ofelt theory. We also discuss briefly the possibility of finding the natural lifetimes of lanthanide ions other than Eu3+.

The emission spectrum and the radiative lifetime of Eu3+ in luminescent lanthanide complexes

Polymer composites are one of the most attractive near-term means to exploit the unique properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene. This is particularly true for composites aimed at electronics and photonics, where a number of promising applications have already been demonstrated. One such example is nanotube-based saturable absorbers. These can be used as all-optical switches, optical amplifier noise suppressors, or mode-lockers to generate ultrashort laser pulses. Here, we review various aspects of fabrication, characterization, device implementation and operation of nanotube-polymer composites to be used in photonic applications. We also summarize recent results on graphene-based saturable absorbers for ultrafast lasers.

Nanotube–Polymer Composites for Ultrafast Photonics

The luminescence of trivalent lanthanide ions has found applications in lighting, lasers, optical telecommunications, medical diagnostics, and various other fields. This introductory review present...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3184/003685005783238435

Making sense of Lanthanide Luminescence

Publisher Summary This chapter describes molecular, near infrared (NIR)-emitting compounds containing Nd III , Er III , or Yb III and discrete molecular edifices containing other ions emitting in this range. It also reviews various synthetic strategies proposed for encapsulation of ions into molecular edifices and making use of macrocyclic or acyclic ligands or of d-transition metal complexes. The chapter presents novel approaches resorting to inorganic clusters, inorganic–organic hybrids, nanoparticles, or ionic liquids, and potential applications including medical imaging. The chapter illustrates the potential of organic complexes and materials for NIR-luminescent probes and highlights the difficulty in achieving reasonable emission efficiency. Some promising systems for inclusion of NIR-emitting Ln III ions are ionic liquids in which tetrakis(β-diketonates) act as the anion or doped ionogels generated by the confinement of ionic liquids within a porous silica matrix. These gels have excellent mechanical, thermal, and optical properties and feature high ionic conductivity, a key factor for electroluminescent devices.

Chapter 235 Lanthanide Near-Infrared Luminescence in Molecular Probes and Devices

The optical properties of rare-earth organic complexes have been studied because of their possible application to polymer optical fibers and waveguides. Er3+, Nd3+, and Sm3+ ions are encapsulated in tetrakis(benzoyltrifluoroacetonate) and tetrakis(dibenzoylmethide) chelates, and their radiative properties are evaluated in several organic solvents. Analysis reveals that tetrakis(benzoyltrifluoroacetonate) chelates are promising dopants for use in rare-earth-doped polymer devices. These rare-earth complexes can be doped to high concentrations in polymer systems without quenching, providing the means for short-length amplification devices. Numerical simulations reveal that gains as high as and exceeding 20 dB should be realizable in rare-earth-doped polymer fiber amplifiers having lengths <60 cm. Similar calculations reveal threshold pump powers of tens of milliwatts for rare-earth-doped polymer fiber lasers.

Rare-earth organic complexes for amplification in polymer optical fibers and waveguides

Summary form only given. There has been much recent interest in rare-earth-doped fibers and waveguides for their application in amplifiers and lasers. However, nearly all of the host materials used so far have been inorganic glasses and crystals, considering the utility of polymer optical fibers and waveguides, rare-earth-doped polymer systems are also of interest. One way to incorporate rare-earth ions into polymers is to encapsulate the ions in organic chelates and dope these complexes directly. The potential of two types of rare-earth chelates, tetrakis(dibenzoylmethide) (D/sub 4/) and tetrakis(benzoylbifluoroacetonate) [(BTF)/sub 4/], have been evaluated by studying their radiative properties using a Judd-Ofelt treatment.

Rare-earth organic complexes for polymer optical fiber and waveguide amplifiers

One promising candidate for amplification of the many we have studied is Sm(HFFA)/sub 4/NEt/sub 4/ in PMMA-d/sub 8/ operating at 650 nm. The metastable state lifetime and emission cross-section for this system are found to be 194 /spl mu/s and 4.5/spl times/10/sup -21/ cm/sup 2/ respectively. These optical properties have been used to numerically simulate the performance of corresponding thin film waveguide amplifiers.

Rare earth chromophores for polymer optical waveguide amplifiers

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Rare-earth organic complexes for amplification in polymer optical fibers and waveguides

Rare-earth organic complexes for polymer optical fiber and waveguide amplifiers

Rare earth chromophores for polymer optical waveguide amplifiers