(1987). Chestnut Blight: The Classical Problem of an Introduced Pathogen. Mycologia: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 23-37.

http://www.stoppinginvasives.org/dotAsset/cb3cbc30-bdb7-4510-896f-c689a4739c4c.pdf

Chestnut blight: the classical problem of an introduced pathogen

Cryphonectria parasitica (MUff.) Barr. (Syn. Endothia parasitica (MUff.) And, & And.), the causal agent of chestnut blight, is a fungal pathogen of Castanea and Quercus species. After its introduction at the beginning of this century. C. parasitica virtually eliminated C. dentata Borlch. as an important forest tree species in the eastern United States. A similar result was anticipated when chestnut blight was found in Europe, but the unexpected appearance of trans­ missible hypovirulence-a unique natural biocontrol phenomenon-prevented the European chestnut (c. sativa Mill.) from succumbing to the blight (for reviews see 5,51, 69,92, 101, 103, 130). Castanea sativa was introduced by the Romans from Minor Asia (79). This tree species was formerly of major economic importance in the mountainous areas of Southern Europe, in the southern foothills of the Alps from Italy into Hungary, and along the Black Sea. It provided timber, firewood, tannin, and litter bed on marginal land, and produced nuts for human consumption and animal forage. Chestnuts are traditionally grown as coppices with a rotation period of 15 to 30 years, as coppices with standards, in high forests, and in orchards. The latter are often formed of old-growth giant trees (100 years is not uncommon), grafted with the local varieties (Figure 1). Socioeconomic changes and the introduction of the devastating chestnut blight (c. parasitica) caused a rapid decline in chestnut cultivation in many regions after the second world war (54, 76).

/pdf/biological-control-of-chestnut-blight-in-europe-ywo2z3lvym.pdf

Biological Control of Chestnut Blight in Europe

Over the last two decades, ash dieback has become a major problem in Europe, where the causative fungus has invaded the continent rapidly. The disease is caused by the invasive pathogenic fungus Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (anamorph Chalara fraxinea), which causes severe symptoms and dieback in common ash, Fraxinus excelsior. It is becoming a significant threat to biodiversity in forest ecosystems and the economic and aesthetic impacts are immense. Despite the presence of the disease for at least 10 years in Scandinavia, a small fraction of F. excelsior trees have remained vigorous, and these trees exhibit no or low levels of symptoms even where neighbouring trees are very sick. This gives hope that a fraction of the ash trees will retain a sufficiently viable growth to survive. Following a period of high mortality in natural populations, selection and breeding of remaining viable ash trees could therefore provide a route for restoring the role of ash in the landscape. This paper reviews the available data on disease dissemination, and the consequences thereof in terms of symptom severity and mortality, and appraises studies that have tested the hypothesis that less-affected trees have genetically based resistance. The implications of the results for the adaptive potential of common ash to respond to the disease through natural or assisted selection are discussed. The risks of adverse fitness effects of population fragmentation due to high mortality are considered. Finally, it is recommended that resistant trees (genotypes) should be selected to facilitate conservation of the species.

https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ppa.12196

The ash dieback crisis: genetic variation in resistance can prove a long‐term solution

Over the past 70 years a destructive blight of Cupressus macrocarpaand other Cupressaceae, caused by Seiridium cardinale, has spread worldwide from California, devastating forests, plantations, and ornamental cypresses. The epidemic has been particularly severe in the Mediterranean region, on C. sempervirens .A similar destructive blight induced by Lepteutypa cupressi, which caused serious losses to Monterey cypresses in East Africa in the 1940s, has now also spread to distant continents, albeit to a lesser extent. There is yet a third wave of canker disease induced by S. unicorne, although this is a milder type. This review deals with problems related to identification of the pathogens, their taxonomy, pathogenesis and role of fungal toxins, and early screening of cypress clones or hybrids for resistance to the pathogens and tolerance to their toxins.

/pdf/cypress-canker-a-pandemic-in-progress-nnjd0qntwj.pdf

CYPRESS CANKER: A Pandemic in Progress

chapter six – HOW PLANTS DEFEND THEMSELVES AGAINST PATHOGENS

Summary

By 70 days after inoculation, resistant and tolerant clones of field-grown Cupressus sempervirens restricted penetration of the bark by Seiridium cardinale, forming ligno-suberized boundary zones which included four to six layers of cells with suberized cell walls. This response contrasted with that in susceptible clones, where only two to four layers of suberized cells were formed in discontinuous bands around inoculation sites. Detection of multiple layers of thin suberized boundary zones in susceptible clones indicated repeated penetration of the wound/infection-induced barrier by S. cardinale during a single growing season. The methods described will be valuable in the development of rapid, early and accurate screening programmes for durable resistance to Seiridium canker in Cupressus species.

Responses in the bark of Cupressus sempervirens clones artificially inoculated with Seiridium cardinale under field conditions

The first distribution map of Seiridium (Coryneum) cardinale (Wag.) Sutton and Gibson which causes the cypress canker in Greece is given. A recent survey all over the country has shown that S. W. Greece and the Ionian islands are already under heavy attack whereas in central and N. Greece and the island of Krete only restricted spots have been found. Strict sanitation measures are imposed to prevent building up and diffusion of the disease.

A distribution map for Seiridium cardinale causing the cypress canker disease in Greece

Chestnut blight in Greece occurred since its beginning in a mild form, causing superficial cankers with callus formation, a low production of pycnidia and very slow distribution, even though the strain of this fungus has shown to be virulent It was concluded that this mild form of the disease is due to a combination of resistance of the chestnut trees and unfavourable local climatic conditions for the development of the fungus

Severity of chestnut blight disease and the pathogenicity of the causal fungus Endothia parasitica in Greece

Comparative studies of the pathogenicity of eight isolates of three Seiridium species were carried out by stem inoculations on Cupressus sempervirens and C. glabra seedlings and clones. Seiridium cardinale and S. cupressi caused bigger and more severe cankers than all strains of S. unicorne. During the first nine months after inoculation, the canker length of S. cardinale was larger than the cankers of S. cupressi. However, during the second year after inoculation, S. cupressi cankers were larger and more severe than those of 5. cardinale.

Pathogenic variability of various isolates of Seiridium cardinale, S. cupressi and S. unicorne inoculated on selected Cupressus clones and seedlings

La recherche de clones de Cypres resistants a S. cardinale a ete effectuee par inoculation de 1800 plants provenant de 3 peuplements naturels de Grece. La plus grande proportion d'arbres resistants a ete trouvee dans les provenances de Samos puis, par ordre decroissant dans celles de Rhodes et de Crete. Les differences entre provenances, et entre plusieurs familles a l'interieur des provenances, sont significatives. La sensibilite est tres variable, allant d'arbres tres resistants a arbres tres sensibles. Ceci indique que le mecanisme de resistance est sous controle polygenique

Screening for resistance to cypress canker (Seiridium cardinale) in three Greek provenances of Cupressus sempervirens

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

S. Xenopoulos

Author Tools

Chat about Author