Tempering of martensitic steels involves the segregation of carbon, the precipitation of carbides, the decomposition of retained austenite, and the recovery and recrystallization of the martensitic structure Because these several reactions overlap and occur on such a fine scale, it is only recently that our knowledge of the resulting structures has become reasonably complete Our present understanding of the processes involved in the tempering of iron-carbon martensites and how they are affected by alloying elements is reviewed

Tempering of steel

Invited review: Carbides and nitrides in steel

/pdf/the-c-fe-carbon-iron-system-4wv7hx379f.pdf

The C-Fe (carbon-iron) system

Carbide precipitation in austenitic stainless steel carburized at low temperature

Stainless steels found in real-world applications usually have some C content in the base Fe-Cr alloy, resulting in hard and dislocation-pinning carbides-Fe3C (cementite) and Cr23C6-being present in the finished steel product. The higher complexity of the steel microstructure has implications, for example, for the elastic properties and the evolution of defects such as Frenkel pairs and dislocations. This makes it necessary to re-evaluate the effects of basic radiation phenomena and not simply to rely on results obtained from purely metallic Fe-Cr alloys. In this report, an analytical interatomic potential parameterization in the Abell-Brenner-Tersoff form for the entire Fe-Cr-C system is presented to enable such calculations. The potential reproduces, for example, the lattice parameter(s), formation energies and elastic properties of the principal Fe and Cr carbides (Fe3C, Fe5C2, Fe7C3, Cr3C2, Cr7C3, Cr23C6), the Fe-Cr mixing energy curve, formation energies of simple C point defects in Fe and Cr, and the martensite lattice anisotropy, with fair to excellent agreement with empirical results. Tests of the predictive power of the potential show, for example, that Fe-Cr nanowires and bulk samples become elastically stiffer with increasing Cr and C concentrations. High-concentration nanowires also fracture at shorter relative elongations than wires made of pure Fe. Also, tests with Fe3C inclusions show that these act as obstacles for edge dislocations moving through otherwise pure Fe.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-8984/25/44/445401/pdf

Atomistic simulations of stainless steels: a many-body potential for the Fe–Cr–C system

Nature of χ-Carbide and Its Possible Occurrence in Steels

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Nature of χ-Carbide and Its Possible Occurrence in Steels