It is crucial to perform a deep study about the most extensively used antibiotics in sperm extenders. Most of the protocols and concentrations used in ram are direct extrapolations from other species. It is important to establish species-specific antibiotic treatments to optimize their use and if it is possible to reduce the quantity. Previews studies have assessed some aspects of sperm quality in vitro, but this study aimed to go further and assess the effect of three different antibiotic treatments, which are the most extensively used, not only in sperm quality or assessing the inhibitory effect on bacterial growth but also assessing these important parameters of productivity such as fertility, prolificacy, fecundity, and sex-ratio during a freeze-thaw process. Gentamicyn (G) treatment showed the worst results, not only concerning sperm quality but also in the reproductive trials exhibiting a toxical effect at the experiment concentration, and being the most powerful inhibiting bacterial growth. For its part, Lincomicyn-spectinomycin (LS) showed similar results inhibiting bacterial growth but it did not show a detrimental effect either in sperm quality or in reproductive parameters. Penicillin-streptomycin (PS) showed good results in the sperm quality and in the reproductive in vivo trials, but it showed a very poor effect inhibiting bacterial growth probably due to some kind of antibiotic resistance. According to our results, there is not a significant positive relationship between the higher bacterial inhibitory activity of LS and PS samples, and the sperm quality respect Control samples (without antibiotics). In the case of G, which exhibited the most effective as antibacterial, we observed a toxic effect on sperm quality that could be translated on productivity parameters. Our results suggest that the bacterial contamination control in frozen-thawed semen may be possible without the use of antibiotics, although the effects of longer periods of cooling storage and different temperatures of storage need to be further investigated for animal semen. At this point, a reflection about a drastic reduction in the use of antibiotic treatments in sperm cryopreservation is mandatory, since freezing conditions could keep sperm doses contamination within the levels recommended by regulatory health agencies.

/pdf/comparing-the-effect-of-different-antibiotics-in-frozen-5bgba1ymgd.pdf

Comparing the Effect of Different Antibiotics in Frozen-Thawed Ram Sperm: Is It Possible to Avoid Their Addition?

The use of antibiotics is currently limited within the framework of the prevention of the infectious disease in farm animals in the EU. Formerly used antibiotic growth stimulators markedly enhanced the quality of animal breeding and decreased the incidence of infectious diseases. After their ban, the new substances, which do not cause a possible resistance to pathogenic agents, are searched. One option is to use the small molecules of natural origin, particularly the primary and secondary plant metabolites. It is possible to consider the use of a new generation of cationic peptides isolated from plants or animal and bacteriocins. The use of these substances in the pig breeding is directed into the feeding stuff in a form of additive compounds, whose aim is to prevent the development of microbial infection in GIT and the area of abdomen, increasing the immunity of animals and decreasing the inflammatory processes in boar genitals. The second area is the application of these substances in the cryopreservation of boar semen and into the extenders for the short-term storage of semen prepared for AI. According to the EU recommendation, a substantially higher attention must be paid to the research of natural substances in agricultural sphere. A widespread application of antibiotics, for the prevention and therapy of infections, leads to the occurrence of the antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in human and veterinary medicine. The farm animals (particularly bovines) may act as potential gene resources of this resistance to anti-invasive drugs and that is the cause of complications in the public health field. From the point of view of the farm animals, the situation has not been understood fully yet. At the foreground, an economic interest is more important than a later hazard which may arise from an extensive application of the antibiotics. There are views that methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and multi-resistant gramnegative bacteria should be thoroughly examined, because they are broadly involved in the human field as well as in the animal production [Garcia-Alvarez et al., 2012]. An antimicrobial multi-drug resistance [Nikaido, 2009] is quite often developed, so it makes impossible to succeed in the therapy.

/pdf/small-molecules-of-natural-origin-as-a-source-of-17fsizot5z.pdf

Small molecules of natural origin as a source of antimicrobial agents in pig breeding - review

AI is of great economic value for the pig industry. In the past two decades, there has been an enormous increase in the development of field AI services in the majority of countries concerned with pork production. In the authors’ opinion, several deciding factors have paved the way for many producers to use AI in the breeding management programs (1). First, the industry’s requirement for improved leanness and maternal traits has stimulated the need HIGHLIGHTS ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (AI) TECHNOLOGY IN THE PIGS Tarek Khalifa1,2, Constantinos Rekkas2, Foteini Samartzi2, Aristotelis Lymberopoulos3, Kostas Kousenidis3, Toni Dovenski4 1EquiBiotech Inc-Research Services in Farm Animal Breeding, 19 Gravias Street P.O. Box 54645, Thessaloniki, Greec e 2Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization, 57001 NAGREF Campus, Thermi, P.O. Box 60272, Thessaloniki, Greece 3Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 141 Sindos, Thessaloniki, Greece 4Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Reproduction, Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia

https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.14432/j.macvetrev.2013.09.001

Highlights on artificial insemination (AI) technology in the pigs.

Contents
In vitro and in a field trial the boar sperm compatibility of the antibiotic additives lincomycin and spectinomycin (= Lincospectin®) was investigated. The semen was extended with Kiev or Androhep media containing the antibiotic additives. Lincospectin® concentrations up to 4500 μg/ml of extended semen did not have any deleterious effect on sperm motility and acrosome integrity. Likewise, no negative influence on sperm quality could be seen using 450 μg Lincospectin (150 μg lincomycin and 300 μg spectinomycin) in combination with 500 IU penicillin and 500 IU streptomycine or with 250 μg gentamycin. The field inseminations based on 248 first services using Lincospectin in combination with penicillin and streptomycin revealed no negative effects on farrowing rate and litter size.

Inhalt: Untersuchungen zur Spermien- und Fruchbarkeitsvertraglichkeit von Lincospectin® Losung als Antibiotikumzusatz zu flussigverdunnten Ebersamen
Die Spermienvertraglichkeit der Antibiotika Lincomycin und Spectinomycin (=Linco-spectin) wurde in vitro und im Feldversuch untersucht. Der Samen wurde mit antibiotikumhaltigen Kiew- oder Androhep-Medien verdunnt. Lincospectin Konzentrationen bis zu 4500 μg/ml verdunnten Samens hatten keinen schadigenden Einfluβ auf Spermienmotilitat und Akrosomintegritat. Die Kombinationen von 450 μg Lincospectin (150 μg Lincomycin und 300 μg Spectinomycin) mit 500 IE Penicillin und 500 IE Streptomycin oder mit 250 μg Gentamycin hatten ebenfalls keinen negativen Effekt auf die Samenqualitat. Im Feldversuch mit 248 Erstbesamungen ergab die Kombination uon Lincospectin mit Penicillin und Streptomycin bei mit Kiew-Medium verdunntem Samen keinen negativen Einfluβ auf Abferkelrate und Wurfgroβe.

Examination on sperm- and fertility-compatibility of Lincospectin sterile solution as antibiotic additive in liquid boar semen

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Examination on sperm- and fertility-compatibility of Lincospectin sterile solution as antibiotic additive in liquid boar semen