Dopaminergic innervation of the rat locus coeruleus (LC) was immunohistochemically studied by using monoclonal antibody directed against dopamine (DA) at the light- and electron-microscopic levels. A dense plexus of DA-immunoreactive (IR) varicose fibers was found not only in the cell body area of the LC but also in the dendritic area. Three hundred and forty DA-IR terminal boutons were observed. They were distributed in a wide range of diameters of 0.1-1.8 microns but most of them were large (mean value: 0.98 micron). Sixty-nine percent formed an asymmetric synapse. There were many axo-spinous connections. Small dendrites less than 0.3 micron in diameter displaying synaptic specialization were mostly dendritic spines (75%). Most of the target dendrites seemed to be noradrenergic in nature. It is suggested that dopaminergic innervation may play a powerful role in control mechanisms of activity of NA-containing neurons of the LC.

Dopaminergic innervation of rat locus coeruleus: A light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study

Target-related patterns of co-existence of neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, enkephalin and substance P in cranial parasympathetic neurons innervating the facial skin and exocrine glands of guinea-pigs

Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) can induce rapid breakdown and removal of myelin from the adult mammalian CNS. In this paper we report the detailed characterization of the immune cell response as well as changes in the expression of cell adhesion molecules and the permeability of the blood-brain barrier after microinjection of LPC into the adult mouse spinal cord. T cells and neutrophils were seen in the spinal cord 6-12 h after LPC injection, but not in PBS-injected mice. Mac-1+ monocytes were also seen at 6 h and 12 h in the white and gray matter of mice injected with LPC and PBS but were significantly greater in the white matter after LPC injections. At later time points LPC induced an increase in the number of activated Mac-1+ macrophages that displayed a variety of morphologies in the white and gray matter. These cells were not present in PBS-injected control mice. LPC also induced widespread microglial activation in the white and gray matter. The number of these Mac-1+ microglia reduced drastically at 96 h after LPC injection suggesting that they may have transformed into Mac-1+ phagocytic cells with a different morphology. These LPC-induced changes in immune cells were accompanied by significant increases in VCAM-1+ and ICAM-1+ blood vessels in the spinal cord. In addition, LPC induced a rapid and widespread disruption of the blood-brain barrier, as compared to PBS injected mice. Therefore, LPC can induce an early and transient T cell and neutrophil response in the CNS. These cells likely promote the rapid influx of monocytes followed by widespread and effective activation of macrophages that mediate rapid phagocytosis of myelin debris.

Lysophosphatidylcholine induces rapid recruitment and activation of macrophages in the adult mouse spinal cord.

We developed a new histochemical method based on endogenous oxidase activity for the detection of cutaneous nerves in guinea-pig lips. After the application of a reaction mixture containing 0.14 mM 3,3′-diaminobenzidine(DAB) and 15 mM nickel ammonium sulfate in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6), many blue-black sensory fibers were observed, i.e., dermal nerve fiber bundles, perifollicular plexuses, Merkel-cell endings, and Meissner-like nerve endings. The autonomic fibers of the skin were not stained. Electron microscopy revealed that the reaction product was mainly localized on mitochondrial cristae. The addition of 0.01 M sodium azide completely inhibited the reaction. This technique is simple and preferentially stains sensory nerves.

Demonstration of sensory cutaneous nerve fibers in guinea-pig lip using endogenous oxidase histochemistry.

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Demonstration of sensory cutaneous nerve fibers in guinea-pig lip using endogenous oxidase histochemistry.