Natural resource management strategies on Leyte Island, Philippines.

. Lillo EP, Malaki AB, Alcazar SMT, Rosales R, Redoblado BR, Diaz JLB, Pantinople EM, Buot Jr. IE. 2021. Inventory of native and mother trees in Key Biodiversity Areas of Cebu Island, Philippines for species selection in local reforestation programs. Biodiversitas 22: 4740-4749. Forest restoration is the counterforce of deforestation and forest degradation. Yet, despite promoting natural recovery after forest harvest, afforestation and reforestation efforts, tropical forest ecosystems still experience a poor ratio of forest loss to forest gain. The study assessed the native tree species and potential mother trees in different Cebu Island Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) as well as their distribution and habitat preferences which can be used in local reforestation programs. A vegetation survey was conducted in three KBAs in Cebu Island, namely Nug-as forest, Mount Lantoy and Mount Capayas to inventory all native species. Assessment based on the phenotypic characteristics of adult trees was also conducted for indicating mother trees. This study in Cebu Island KBAs recorded a total of 292 species, categorized into 125 families and 203 genera, which can be classified into native trees (210), vines and lianas (18), shrub (37), and herbs (27). Out of the 292 species, 214 were recorded in Nug-as forest, 172 in Mount Lantoy, and 145 in Mount Capayas. Of the 210 native tree species, Nug-as forest had 145 species, Mount Lantoy 131 species, and Mount Capayas 109 species. A total of 241 mother trees were identified in the three KBAs, corresponding to 77 species in which Nug-as forest had 143 trees correspond to 52 species, Mount Lantoy had 68 trees correspond to 29 species, and Mount Capayas had 31 trees correspond to 6 species. Such native tree species are recommended for reforestation programs as planting materials that could reduce the risks of failure due to its high adaptability to the environment.

Inventory of native and mother trees in Key Biodiversity Areas of Cebu Island, Philippines for species selection in local reforestation programs

Forest enrichment and/or supplement planting is a silvicultural technique to improve number of valuable trees in natural poor forests. In this study, two native species including Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch and Cinnamomum obtusifolium (Roxb.) Nees were planted in fallow stands by two experiments as planting in clear band of 6 m wide (band planting) and in canopy gaps of >200 m (cluster planting). The results indicated that planted trees of both species in both planting experiments had high survival rates (>89%) after planting three years, and more than 75% survival trees had good quality as straight boles without diseases. The difference of stump diameter and stem height between experiments and species was statistically significant. C. obtusifolium in band planting had biggest stump diameter (2.86 cm), while C. album in band planting had tallest stem height (2.69 m) after planting three years. C. obtusifolium had significantly larger crown diameter in band planting (1.09 m) than that in cluster planting (0.92 m). While it was conversely found in C. album as significantly larger crown diameter was found in cluster planting (1.12 m) compared to smaller one in band planting (0.96 m). It is concluded that silvicultural techniques are required to promote growth of planted trees after planting three years, especially for C. album as it requires more sunlight at this age. The techniques must focus on opening forest canopy for sunlight reaching crown of planted trees and on removing bad-growth trees surrounding planted trees to minimize competitions.

Promoting reforestation through supplementing native forest tree species in northwestern Vietnam.

/pdf/sustainable-management-of-dipterocarp-forests-in-the-37mqcvgb1y.pdf

Sustainable management of dipterocarp forests in the Philippines

Choosing species for reforestation programs or community forestry in species-rich tropical rainforest ecosystems is a complex task. Reforestation objectives, social preferences, and ecological attributes must be balanced to achieve landscape restoration, timber production, or community forestry objectives. Here we develop a method to make better species choices for reforestation programs with native species when limited silvicultural information is available. We conducted community surveys to determine social preference of tree species and inferred their ecological suitability for open-field plantations from growth rates and frequency in forest plots at different successional stages. Several species, for which silvicultural data was available, were correctly classified as promising or unsuitable for open-field reforestation. Notably, we found a strong negative correlation between ecological suitability indicators and socioeconomic preference ranks. Only a single outlier species ranked very high in both ca...

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/ES15-00131.1

Choosing species for reforestation in diverse forest communities: social preference versus ecological suitability

-The “Rainforestation Farming” (RF) project was developed in the Baybay area of The Philippines as a Philippine-German co-operation and is based on the use of indigenous trees in contrast to the predominant use of exotic timber trees in commercial tree planting. Twenty-five farmers, who had adopted the RF system between 1995 and 2000 on individual plots, were interviewed in two surveys in 2007 and 2008; data about the socio-economic conditions, management, and use of their trees were collected. These survey data are compared with the anticipated management and use as envisioned by the project developers. The comparisons showed that most farmers managed the plots less intensively than suggested by the project developers. Mostly, farmers did not carry out pruning and thinning, many had no intercrops in the first years, and many had no interplanted fruit trees. The inclusion of intercrops and fruit trees was emphasized to give farmers the opportunity to gain income from the plot before the timber can be harvested, in 25 or more years for several species. Farmers focused much less on the economic side of the project but were planting the trees for their own or their children’s use, whereby the maximum profitability was mostly not their concern. The project developers had planned the project carefully so that resource-poor smallholders would be able to start RF and benefit economically. But the “typical” individual adopter was not the typical smallholder, being endowed with greater than average resources, either enough land or a more attractive off-farm employment. The concept clearly has the potential to offer ecological benefits as well as economical ones, but in order to be widespread, considerable extension advice over the course of several decades would have to be offered, which is a timeconsuming and costly procedure. Technology transfer did not take place over individual farmers, but over farmers associations only, and on a very low level. Current policy regulations, which make harvesting and marketing of indigenous timber trees a complicated procedure, are another obstacle for small-scale tree farmers. In its current complex form and without external financial assistance, RF is not an easily-adoptable concept for resource-poor smallholders. INTRODUCTION Between 1995 and 1996, 22 individual farmers and two farmers associations started planting indigenous trees in the area of Baybay, situated on the western site of the island of Leyte, 1 Institute for Farm Management (410a), University of Hohenheim, Germany, Email: svilei@uni-hohenheim.de

/pdf/adoptability-of-a-complex-agro-forestry-project-for-3usb411j78.pdf

Adoptability of a complex agro-forestry project for smallholders on a Philippine island.

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Adoptability of a complex agro-forestry project for smallholders on a Philippine island.