This paper gives an overview of the development of the field of Knowledge Engineering over the last 15 years. We discuss the paradigm shift from a transfer view to a modeling view and describe two approaches which considerably shaped research in Knowledge Engineering: Role-limiting Methods and Generic Tasks. To illustrate various concepts and methods which evolved in recent years we describe three modeling frameworks: CommonKADS, MIKE and PROTEGE-II. This description is supplemented by discussing some important methodological developments in more detail: specification languages for knowledge-based systems, problem-solving methods and ontologies. We conclude by outlining the relationship of Knowledge Engineering to Software Engineering, Information Integration and Knowledge Management.

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Knowledge engineering: principles and methods

Methodological guidelines for object-oriented software construction that improve the reliability of the resulting software systems are presented. It is shown that the object-oriented techniques rely on the theory of design by contract, which underlies the design of the Eiffel analysis, design, and programming language and of the supporting libraries, from which a number of examples are drawn. The theory of contract design and the role of assertions in that theory are discussed. >

/pdf/applying-design-by-contract-2uhklwpp5s.pdf

Applying 'design by contract'

Requirements analysis includes a preliminary acquisition step where a global model for the specification of the system and its environment is elaborated This model, called requirements model, involves concepts that are currently not supported by existing formal specification languages, such as goals to be achieved, agents to be assigned, alternatives to be negotiated, etc The paper presents an approach to requirements acquisition which is driven by such higher-level concepts Requirements models are acquired as instances of a conceptual meta-model The latter can be represented as a graph where each node captures an abstraction such as, eg, goal, action, agent, entity, or event, and where the edges capture semantic links between such abstractions Well-formedness properties on nodes and links constrain their instances-that is, elements of requirements models Requirements acquisition processes then correspond to particular ways of traversing the meta-model graph to acquire appropriate instances of the various nodes and links according to such constraints Acquisition processes are governed by strategies telling which way to follow systematically in that graph; at each node specific tactics can be used to acquire the corresponding instances The paper describes a significant portion of the meta-model related to system goals, and one particular acquisition strategy where the meta-model is traversed backwards from such goals The meta-model and the strategy are illustrated by excerpts of a university library system

Goal-directed requirements acquisition

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the different aspects of software testing techniques. A testing strategy may be based on one of two starting points and either the specification or the software is used as the basis for testing. Starting from the specification the required functions are identified. The software is then tested to assess whether they are provided. This is known as functional testing. It is found that if the strategy is based on deriving test data from the structure of a system this is known as structural testing. Functions which are included in the software, but not required, such as functions which relate to the access of data in a database but which are not specifically asked for by a user, are more likely to be identified by adopting a structural testing strategy in preference to a functional testing strategy. Functional testing has been termed a black box approach as it treats the program as a box with its contents hidden from view. Testers submit test cases to the program based on their understanding of the intended function of the program. An important component of functional testing is an oracle.

Software testing techniques

Formal methods used in developing computer systems (i.e. mathematically based techniques for describing system properties) are defined, and their role is delineated. Formal specification languages, which provide the formal method's mathematical basis, are examined. Certain pragmatic concerns about formal methods and their users, uses, and characteristics are discussed. Six well-known or commonly used formal methods are illustrated by simple examples. They are Z, VDM, Larch, temporal logic, CSP, and transition axioms. >

A specifier's introduction to formal methods

Systematic software development using VDM

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Systematic software development using VDM