Arctic spring awakening – Steering principles behind the phenology of vernal ice algal blooms

DOC and its relationship to algae in bottom ice communities

The very low water temperatures existing in polar oceans that experience seasonal advance and retreat of pack ice do not inhibit the presence of large bacterial populations. Bacteria may contribute significantly to the energy transfers within the Southern Ocean. In the last decades, notable progress has been made in the knowledge of the role of marine bacteria in the Southern Ocean. A short overview of the abundance and function of Antarctic marine bacteria is given, with respect to metabolic activity. The importance of spatial and temporal variability is described. The ecological function of Antarctic marine bacterioplankton is discussed. Depending on food web structure, bacteria may be either a link in food webs supporting metazoan production, or a sink where bacterial production is metabolised by microorganisms. In the more oligotrophic areas and during certain periods of the year bacterial biomass dominates phytoplankton. The microbial food web is therefore the dominant pathway for carbon and energy flow in Antarctic seawater.

Abundance and function of bacteria in the Southern Ocean.

Carbon flows through the microbial food web of first-year ice in resolute passage (Canadian High Arctic)

The coastal sea ice in the vicinity of Dumont d'Urville station, Antarctica (66° 40' S, 140° 01' E) supports a diverse microbial community. To investigate seasonal changes in bacterial, microalgal and protozoan biomass during the ice-coverage period, a survey was conducted on fast ice in the continental shelf of Terre Adelie. A reference station was sampled twice a month from April to December 1997. In April and May, during sea ice formation, the autotrophic biomass reached rela- tively high levels ranging from 400 to 800 mgC m -3 in the subsurface ice. A second increase reach- ing 1500 mgC m -3 in mid-December occurred in early summer in the bottom ice layer. Bacterial bio- mass ranged from 200 mgC m -3 in May. Maximal levels of bacterial biomass were detected during ice formation and just before the summer thaw. Total pro- tozoan biomass increased from May to July. Maximum protozoan biomass (31.8 mgC m -3 ) occurred in the surface ice layer in July. Except for during a short period (late May to early June), ciliates were dominant, accounting for 50 to 77% of the total protozoan biomass. During the ice-covered period, phototrophic biomass was always dominant. Microalgal biomass contributed on average 80.6% of total biomass whereas bacterial and protozoan biomass accounted for only 16.4 and 3%, respectively. Despite their low biomass, protozoa seem to play a major role in bacterial regulation.

/pdf/seasonal-changes-in-microbial-biomass-in-the-first-year-ice-rim1f9x9qj.pdf

Seasonal changes in microbial biomass in the first-year ice of the Terre Adélie area (Antarctica)

Biological and chemical investigations of the Saroma-Resolute Project in ice-covered Resolute Passage, 1992

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Biological and chemical investigations of the Saroma-Resolute Project in ice-covered Resolute Passage, 1992