The challenges and perspectives for anaerobic digestion of animal waste and fertilizer application of the digestate.

Abstract Livestock blood is a protein-rich waste byproduct produced during meat production processes in slaughterhouses. Its utilization through conversion into value-added products is an intriguing management strategy. In this study, bovine blood was used to obtain the protein hydrolysate for use as a peptone for microbial growth medium. Lyophilized bovine blood was heat treated to make it susceptible to enzymic hydrolysis, and then enzymatically treated with trypsin (bovine pancreas protease) to produce protein hydrolysate. Physico-chemical features were determined for protein hydrolysate and compared to commercial Merck peptone from meat. Amino acid compositions of bovine blood and commercial peptones were subjected to multivariate analysis based on Euclidean similarity matrix using software PAST. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus 25,923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27,853, Staphylococcus aureus 6538 P, Enterococcus faecalis 11,700, Escherichia coli 8739, Klebsiella pneumoniae 13,883, Salmonella typhimurium 14,028 and Listeria monocytogenes 13,932 were used as test microbial strains. Growth of bacteria in culture media based on the peptone from bovine protein hydrolysate was compared to that in corresponding reference media based on commercial peptone. The results of these growth tests were comparable. Growth data were depicted and statistically analyzed using R packages ggplot2 and growthcurver, respectively, providing data fitting a standard form of logistic equation.

Study on the use of bovine blood protein hydrolysate as a peptone in microbial culture media

Vero cells are one of the most frequently used cell types in virology. They can be used not only as a vehicle for the replication of viruses, but also as a model for investigating viral infectivity, cytopathology and vaccine production. There is increasing awareness of the need to limit the use of animal-derived components in cell culture media for a number of reasons, which include reducing the risk of contamination and decreasing costs related to the downstream processing of commercial products obtained via cell culture. The current study evaluates the use of protein hydrolysates (PHLs), also known as peptones, as partial substitutes for fetal bovine serum (FBS) in Vero cell culture. Eleven plant-based, two yeast-based, and three casein-based peptones were assessed, with different batches evaluated in the study. We tested the effects of three concentration ratios of FBS and peptone on Vero cell proliferation, four days after the initial cell seeding. Some of the tested peptones, when in combination with a minimal 1% level of FBS, supported cell proliferation rates equivalent to those achieved with 10% FBS. Collectively, our findings showed that plant-based peptones could represent promising options for the successful formulation of serum-reduced cell culture media for vaccine production. This is especially relevant in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, in view of the urgent need for SARS-CoV-2 virus production for certain types of vaccine. The current study contributes to the Three Rs principle of reduction, as well as addressing animal ethics concerns associated with FBS, by repurposing PHLs for use in cell culture.

An Evaluation of Different Types of Peptone as Partial Substitutes for Animal-derived Serum in Vero Cell Culture

In this study, chicken peptone was produced by hydrolysing inedible parts derived from chickens using endo-protease and exo-protease. The usefulness of chicken peptone as a nutrient source for bacteria was evaluated in comparison with other commercially produced peptones (animal, soy and casein-derived peptone). Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were used as test strains to determine the effect of peptones from different sources on their growth ability. Both bacteria were successfully cultured in chicken peptone solution, which is similar to peptone solution containing commercial peptones apart from animal peptone. In chemical analysis, chicken peptone contained 12·0% nitrogen; this was similar to the nitrogen content from other commercial peptone sources, except for the 9·0% nitrogen found in soy peptones. The molecular weight of the peptone was determined by gel filtration chromatography, and those of all peptone, except animal-derived peptone, were found to be <5000 Da. In addition, when B. subtilis was cultured in a medium containing chicken peptone, it was shown that the protease activity was highest as compared with other commercial peptones. From these results, it is suggested that chicken peptone can be utilized for microbial culture, and this is an effective method to reuse chicken waste.

Evaluation of peptones from chicken waste as a nitrogen source for micro-organisms

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Evaluation of peptones from chicken waste as a nitrogen source for micro-organisms