Energy levels of light nuclei A = 5–10

The reliability and relevance of experimental data and calculations for the design and construction of the target assembly of spallation neutron sources are discussed. New experimental data obtained in a new approach for neutron production in thick targets of Pb and U are presented for 2–5 GeV/c hadrons. It is found that the observed mean neutron multiplicities depend essentially on the incident available energy only while the variation with particle species for p, d, p , K, and π is within 10%.

Neutron production by hadron-induced spallation reactions in thin and thick Pb and U targets from 1 to 5 GeV

Particle accelerators have evolved over the last decades from simple devices to powerful machines, and are having an increasingly important impact on research, technology and daily life. Today they cover a wide range of applications including material science and medical applications. In recent years, requirements from new technological and research applications have emerged while the number of accelerator facilities in operation, being commissioned, designed or planned has significantly grown. Their parameters (such as the beam energy, beam currents and intensities, and target composition) vary widely, giving rise to new radiation shielding aspects and problems. 
Particle accelerators must be operated in safe ways to protect operators, the public and the environment. As the design and use of these facilities evolve, so must the analytical methods used in the safety analyses. These workshop proceedings review the state of the art in radiation shielding of accelerator facilities and irradiation targets. They also evaluate progress on the development of modelling methods used to assess the effectiveness of such shielding as part of safety analyses.

Shielding Aspects of Accelerators, Targets and Irradiation Facilities - SATIF 10

This article is dedicated to the physics of spallation neutron production by high-energy particles and applications thereof. This field of research is related to the rapidly developing branch of nuclear physics that is high-energy neutron physics. The central part of this article is a review of experimental results obtained in different laboratories of the world during the last more than a quarter of a century. Analysis of the characteristics of multiple neutron production in targets induced by protons and nuclei with energies higher than several hundreds of mega-electronvolts per nucleon is performed. The results of measurements that were carried out at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research with beams of protons, deuterons, and light nuclei are discussed. Natural and artificial sources of spallation neutrons and their role in up-to-date studies are considered.

Production of neutrons in thick targets by high-energy protons and nuclei

The results on neutron production in various lead targets obtained in measurements with 1–3.7 GeV proton beam by the TOF and threshold detector methods are given. It is shown that the modified Moving Source Model is a good tool for fitting of the neutron double-differential cross-section above 0.5 GeV with approximately constant temperature parameters. Analysis of available experimental data shows a saturation effect for the neutron multiplicity in the reaction Pb ( p , nx ) with the proton energy. For the extended lead target 20 diam . × 60 cm secondary nuclear interactions in the target give a large and increasing with energy contribution to the neutron yield. For this target the mean neutron multiplicity per unit of proton energy has a broad maximum in a range 1–2 GeV. The same function but for the kinetic energy of neutrons continues to grow with the beam energy due to increasing of the average energy of neutrons. This phenomenon could be used for further multiplication of neutrons in a target-blanket system.

Production and multiplication of neutrons in lead targets induced by protons above 1 GeV

Double differential cross sections were measured for neutron emission induced by 256 MeV and 800 MeV protons incident on Li, Al, Zr, and Pb targets. The experimental spectra obtained are almost exclusively attributable to a preequilibrium emission mechanism and are compared to predictions made by several preequilibrium reaction models. The intranuclear cascade model reproduces the data quite well at both incident energies. Other approaches---the statistical multistep direct model and the hybrid model---reach the limit of applicability in their present form as the pion production threshold is crossed.

Double differential cross sections for neutron emission induced by 256 MeV and 800 MeV protons.

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Double differential cross sections for neutron emission induced by 256 MeV and 800 MeV protons.