1A predrill estimate of pore pressure can be obtained from seismic velocities using a velocity‐to–pore‐pressure transform, but the seismic velocities need to be derived using methods having sufficient resolution for well planning purposes. For a deepwater Gulf of Mexico example, significant differences are found between the velocity field obtained using reflection tomography and that obtained using a conventional method based on the Dix equation. These lead to significant differences in the predicted pore pressure. Parameters in the velocity‐to–pore‐pressure transform are estimated using seismic interval velocities and pressure data from nearby calibration wells. The uncertainty in the pore pressure prediction is analyzed by examining the spread in the predicted pore pressure obtained using parameter combinations which sample the region of parameter space consistent with the available well data. If calibration wells are not available, the ideas proposed in this paper can be used with measurements made whi...

Predrill pore-pressure prediction using seismic data

Predrill pore-pressure prediction using seismic dataSeismic Pore-Pressure Prediction

Fluid-filled fractures and microcracks are the most stress sensitive component of crustal rock and often determine the pathways and volume of crustal fluid movement. If we are to comprehend the role of fractures and fluids in tectonic processes, to formulate an accurate hypothesis for phenomena precursory to catastrophic seismic failure, or to monitor hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs for the presence or absence of major fluid pathways, we must understand how seismic waves interact with the fracture, crack, and microcrack structures within the rock mass. A salient feature of fracture-related rock structure is the effective seismic anisotropy of aligned fractures and microcracks. With the advent of large-volume digital seismic data sets it is feasible to use polarized shear waves to explore the anisotropic fracture properties of the crust. Crustal fracture structures which may be monitored by polarized shear waves range in dimensions from the 10–100 km scale of crustal stress orientation and preseismic stress buildup, through the 100–1000 m scale of fluid reservoir structure and characterization, and the 1–10 scale of mining and geoengineering rock strain monitoring, to millimeter and micrometer or possibly smaller fluid-filled inclusions determining the elastic response of the intact rock mass. To focus developments in seismic anisotropic studies of crustal fracture phenomena, the American Geophysical Union and the Society of Exploration Geophysicists sponsored a Chapman Conference on Seismic Anisotropy in the Earth's Crust, held May 31 to June 4, 1988, at the Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California. This was the Third International Workshop on Seismic Anisotropy (3IWSA). Nineteen conference papers are presented in this special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/JB095iB07p11105%4010.1002/%28ISSN%292169-9356.SEISANIS1

Seismic fracture anisotropy in the Earth's crust: An overview

Status and progress of worldwide EOR field applications

The present invention is a method for estimating formation properties (4), by analyzing acoustic waves (20) that are emitted from and received by a bottom hole assembly (14).

Method for borehole measurement of formation properties

In 1984, Professor Amos Nur of Stanford University presented a paper at the SEG Annual International Meeting in which he reported results from work carried out by his group to measure compressional and shear wave velocities, as well as attenuation, in samples of heavy oil sands from several reservoirs Although the explanation for the observed effect was not clear, the results suggested that acoustic velocities and attenuation in sands saturated with heavy oils are strongly dependent on the degree of heating of the sample To many who heard that presentation, it was apparent that these observations might provide the basis for applying geophysical technology to the problem of monitoring the progression of flood fronts in thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects in heavy oil reservoirs Since that time, a number of important projects have been carried out to test the theory and to attempt to verify the results predicted by the laboratory experiments It is reasonable to say that results, to date, have b

Acoustic tomography for monitoring enhanced oil recovery

The South Caspian Sea is a major oil and gas producing area, characterized by thick sedimentary deposits and complex tectonic structure. Structural trends include anticlinal folds, steep dips, and mud volcanoes. Many of the large anticlinal folds contain world‐class producing fields. However, conventional processing of seismic data often fails to correctly image through the seismic “shadow zones” frequently observed in this region. These shadow zones are characterized by low‐amplitude events or low signal‐to‐noise ratio, arrival‐time delay, attenuation of high‐frequency information, and distortion of underlying reflectors. This often makes interpretation difficult to impossible.

Illuminating the shadows; tomography, attenuation, and pore-pressure processing in the South Caspian Sea

Illuminating the shadows: tomography, attenuation and pore pressure processing in the South Caspian Sea

Clastic reservoirs saturated with heavy oils have been observed to exhibit a marked relationship between velocity of propagation of acoustic waves and changes introduced by certain kinds of enhanced oil recovery procedures, including heating of the reservoir. This observation forms the basis for a method of monitoring the changes which occur in the reservoir when these enhanced oil recovery (EOR) procedures are used. New developments in diffraction tomographic imaging allow accurate, high-resolution images to be obtained in hydrocarbon reservoirs, clearly delineating the zones affected by these enhanced oil recovery procedures. When both compressional and shear wave data can be obtained, additional physical parameters such as Poissons ratio can be reconstructed.

Tomographic imaging in hydrocarbon reservoirs

Acoustic Tomography for Reservoir Surveillance

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