In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the adoption of emerging sensing technologies for instrumentation within a variety of structural systems. Wireless sensors and sensor networks are emerging as sensing paradigms that the structural engineering field has begun to consider as substitutes for traditional tethered monitoring systems. A benefit of wireless structural monitoring systems is that they are inexpensive to install because extensive wiring is no longer required between sensors and the data acquisition system. Researchers are discovering that wireless sensors are an exciting technology that should not be viewed as simply a substitute for traditional tethered monitoring systems. Rather, wireless sensors can play greater roles in the processing of structural response data; this feature can be utilized to screen data for signs of structural damage. Also, wireless sensors have limitations that require novel system architectures and modes of operation. This paper is intended to serve as a summary review of the collective experience the structural engineering community has gained from the use of wireless sensors and sensor networks for monitoring structural performance and health.

http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jerlynch/papers/SVDReview.pdf

A summary review of wireless sensors and sensor networks for structural health monitoring

Decentralized control: Status and outlook

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state‐of‐the‐art in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for structure health monitoring (SHM) applications and discuss the still‐open research issues in this field and, hence, to make the decision‐making process more effective and direct.Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a comprehensive review of WSNs for SHM. It also introduces research challenges, opportunities, existing and potential applications. Network architecture and the state‐of‐the‐art wireless sensor communication technologies and standards are explained. Hardware and software of the existing systems are also clarified.Findings – Existing applications and systems are presented along with their advantages and disadvantages. A comparison landscape and open research issues are also presented.Originality/value – The paper presents a comprehensive and recent review of WSN systems for SHM applications along with open research issues.

Wireless sensor networks for structure health monitoring: recent advances and future research directions

Decentralized control and communication

The introduction of wireless telemetry into the design of monitoring and control systems has been shown to reduce
system costs while simplifying installations. To date, wireless nodes proposed for sensing and actuation in cyberphysical
systems have been designed using microcontrollers with one computational pipeline (i.e., single-core
microcontrollers). While concurrent code execution can be implemented on single-core microcontrollers,
concurrency is emulated by splitting the pipeline’s resources to support multiple threads of code execution. For
many applications, this approach to multi-threading is acceptable in terms of speed and function. However, some
applications such as feedback controls demand deterministic timing of code execution and maximum computational
throughput. For these applications, the adoption of multi-core processor architectures represents one effective
solution. Multi-core microcontrollers have multiple computational pipelines that can execute embedded code in
parallel and can be interrupted independent of one another. In this study, a new wireless platform named Martlet is
introduced with a dual-core microcontroller adopted in its design. The dual-core microcontroller design allows
Martlet to dedicate one core to standard wireless sensor operations while the other core is reserved for embedded
data processing and real-time feedback control law execution. Another distinct feature of Martlet is a standardized
hardware interface that allows specialized daughter boards (termed wing boards) to be interfaced to the Martlet
baseboard. This extensibility opens opportunity to encapsulate specialized sensing and actuation functions in a wing
board without altering the design of Martlet. In addition to describing the design of Martlet, a few example wings
are detailed, along with experiments showing the Martlet’s ability to monitor and control physical systems such as
wind turbines and buildings.

/pdf/development-of-an-extensible-dual-core-wireless-sensing-node-ia7q09vj06.pdf

Development of an extensible dual-core wireless sensing node for cyber-physical systems

Civil structures are often exposed to strong winds and seismic loads resulting in large structural deflections. These undesirable deflections can be reduced by installing a structural control system within the structure. To reduce the costs associated with structural control systems, the eradication of expensive wiring required to transmit sensor data to a centralized controller is proposed. Taking advantage of decentralized control and wireless sensor network paradigms, a new approach to the design of a structural control system is presented. In this study, the feasibility of employing a wireless sensor network to both collect state-response data from sensors and to determine control forces is explored in detail. Wireless active sensing units designed to collect data from sensors, execute embedded algorithms and command actuators are adopted to serve as sensor/controller nodes within the wireless structural control system. Provided the real-time demands of the control system, wireless networks present some technological challenges (limited bandwidth, delays and loss of data packets) that must be addressed during the design of the control system. A distributed estimator framework is proposed to limit the use of the wireless communication channel leading to large-scale structural control systems with enhanced reliability.

/pdf/wirelessly-networked-distributed-controllers-for-real-time-ybpwgnsavo.pdf

Wirelessly networked distributed controllers for real-time control of civil structures

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Wirelessly networked distributed controllers for real-time control of civil structures