In the last decade, the development of more compact and lightweight radiation detection systems led to their application in handheld and small unmanned systems, particularly air-based platforms. Examples of improvements are: the use of silicon photomultiplier-based scintillators, new scintillating crystals, compact dual-mode detectors (gamma/neutron), data fusion, mobile sensor networks, cooperative detection and search. Gamma cameras and dual-particle cameras are increasingly being used for source location. This study reviews and discusses the research advancements in the field of gamma-ray and neutron measurements using mobile radiation detection systems since the Fukushima nuclear accident. Four scenarios are considered: radiological and nuclear accidents and emergencies; illicit traffic of special nuclear materials and radioactive materials; nuclear, accelerator, targets, and irradiation facilities; and naturally occurring radioactive materials monitoring-related activities. The work presented in this paper aims to: compile and review information on the radiation detection systems, contextual sensors and platforms used for each scenario; assess their advantages and limitations, looking prospectively to new research and challenges in the field; and support the decision making of national radioprotection agencies and response teams in respect to adequate detection system for each scenario. For that, an extensive literature review was conducted.

State-of-the-Art Mobile Radiation Detection Systems for Different Scenarios

Global concern for the illicit transportation and trafficking of nuclear materials and other radioactive sources is on the rise, with efficient and rapid security and non-proliferation technologies in more demand than ever. Many factors contribute to this issue, including the increasing number of terrorist cells, gaps in security networks, politically unstable states across the globe and the black-market trading of radioactive sources to unknown parties. The use of passive gamma-ray and neutron detection and imaging technologies in security-sensitive areas and ports has had more impact than most other techniques in detecting and deterring illicit transportation and trafficking of illegal radioactive materials. This work reviews and critically evaluates these techniques as currently utilised within national security and non-proliferation applications and proposes likely avenues of development.

Passive Gamma-Ray and Neutron Imaging Systems for National Security and Nuclear Non-Proliferation in Controlled and Uncontrolled Detection Areas: Review of Past and Current Status.

Passive Non-Destructive Assay based on gamma-ray spectrometry to verify UO2 samples in the form of powder and pellet

Gamma/Neutron Time-Correlation for Special Nuclear Material Detection - Active Stimulation of Highly Enriched Uranium

The energy resolution of a LaBr(Ce) detector has been studied as a function of the count rate up to 340 kHz by using a 12 bit 250 MS/s V1720 digitizer. The time resolution achieved by processing off line the digitized signals has been also determined. It appears that the energy resolution obtained with the digitizer is better than that achievable using standard NIM electronics. The time resolution yielded by the digitizer with a software CFTD is about δt=0.8 ns (FWHM), slightly worse with respect to δt=0.65 ns (FWHM) obtained from standard NIM. However, this time resolution lies well within the requirements for applications in Non-Destructive Analysis of large objects with tagged neutron beams.

High rate read-out of LaBr(Ce) scintillator with a fast digitizer

The detection of special nuclear material has been studied with a mobile inspection system used both as a high sensitivity passive neutron/gamma spectroscopic tool and as an active inspection device using tagged neutrons. The detection of plutonium samples seems to be possible with passive interrogation, even for small samples, thanks to the yield of gamma ray and neutrons. Moreover the gamma ray spectrum shows clear signatures related to 239Pu. The passive detection of uranium is much more difficult because of the low neutron yield and of the easiness of shielding the gamma ray yield of highly enriched U samples. However, we show that active interrogation with tagged neutrons is able to provide signatures for the discrimination of uranium against other heavy metals.

Special nuclear material detection with a mobile multi-detector system

An integrated mobile system for port security is presented. The system is designed to perform active investigations, by using the tagged neutron inspection technique, of suspect dangerous materials as well as passive measurements of neutrons and gamma rays to search and identify radioactive and special nuclear materials.

An integrated mobile system for port security

The energy resolution of a LaBr(Ce) detector has been studied as a function of the count rate up to 340 kHz by using a 12bit 250 MS/s V1720 digitizer. The time resolution achieved by processing off line the digitized signals has been also determined. When results are compared with the ones obtained by using standard NIM electronics, it appears that the energy resolution obtained with the V1720 digitizer is better than the one with the NIM standard whereas the time resolution is poorer. However the time resolution by using the V1720 digitizer of about 1.2 ns [FWHM] seems to be sufficient for applications in Non-Destructive Analysis of large objects with tagged neutron beams.

High rate read-out of LaBr(Ce) scintillator with the CAEN V1720 FADC

The detection of special nuclear material has been studied with the SMANDRA mobile inspection system used both as a high sensitivity passive neutron/gamma spectroscopic tool and as an active inspection device using tagged neutrons. The detection of plutonium samples is possible with passive interrogation, the passive detection of uranium being much more difficult because of the low neutron yield and of the easiness of shielding the gamma rays. However, we show that active interrogation with tagged neutrons is able to provide signatures for the discrimination of uranium against other materials.

/pdf/special-nuclear-material-detection-studies-with-the-smandra-1gxzkkkwid.pdf

Special nuclear material detection studies with the SMANDRA mobile system

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