A bioavailable nutrient has the potential to be utilized when ingested. Ideally, the nutrient requirements of animals and the nutrient concentrations of feedingstuffs should be expressed in terms o...

Estimation of bioavailable amino acids in feedingstuffs for poultry and pigs: a review with emphasis on balance experiments

2 Abstract: The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutritional value of seaweed as a feedstuff for poultry and evaluate the use of seaweed as pellet binder in duck diets. Chemical analyses of dried marine red seaweed (Polysiphonia SPP) showed reasonable amounts of protein (32.4%); ether extract (17.7%), crude fiber (14.9%), ash (6.0%) and nitrogen free extract (23.4%). Seaweed contained appropriate amounts of minerals required by poultry. Leucine and lysine were the most abundant amino acids in seaweed protein. The content of each amino acid in seaweed protein is lower than the whole egg protein. Methionine is the first limiting amino acid (with chemical score 50.0%), valine and arginine were the second and third limiting amino acids in seaweed protein (with chemical score 71.63 and 74.33%, respectively). The estimation of Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI) was 63.34% and the average of Total Protein Efficiency (TPE) value is 1.26. Thus seaweed is an intermediate source of protein for growing chicks. The metabolizable energy value of marine seaweed was 3518 kcal/kg. Seaweed up to 3% as a pellet binder did not adversely influence growth performance of ducks. Also, the physical test showed some improvement in pellet hardness quality. The inclusion of seaweed meal in the diet for ducks had no significant effects on all of carcass traits. In conclusion, seaweed is a valuable feed resource for poultry feeding and can be utilized as a pellet binder in duck diets.

Nutritional and Biological Evaluation of Marine Seaweed as a Feedstuff and as a Pellet Binder in Poultry Diet

Estimates were made of the dry matter (DM) yield and N content of cereal grains harvested from trial plots. They included 236 combinations of variety and treatment, with 13 varieties of winter wheat grown under six husbandry regimes, 14 varieties of spring barley under three husbandry regimes and ten varieties of winter barley under 11 husbandry regimes. The husbandry included timing and rate of fertilizer application, use of growth regulator and fungicide, and seed rate.For all three cereals, there were highly significant positive associations between grain N content (g/kg DM) and grain DM yield (t/ha) when individual varieties were grown under different conditions. The regression coefficients were: winter wheat 2·28, spring barley 0·74 and winter barley 1·06. When varieties were compared under constant husbandry, the association between N content and yield was negative; the regression coefficients were: winter wheat – 1·53, spring barley –1·14 and winter barley –1·21.The contents of lysine, threonine, isoleucine and valine were examined in 19 samples of winter wheat, 19 of spring barley and 21 of winter barley. Each cereal type included a comparison of varieties under one husbandry regime and a comparison of husbandry regimes in one variety.The amino acid composition of wheat protein changed little with either variety or treatment. In spring and winter barley, lysine concentration in grain protein (g/16 g N) decreased with increases in grain N which arose from additional fertilizer N. There were similar decreases in threonine, isoleucine and valine in winter barley, but varietal differences in grain N were not associated with significant changes in the amino acid composition of grain protein.The nutritive values of spring barley, winter barley and winter wheat were compared in digestion and N balance studies in growing pigs. A subset often samples was examined which included, for each cereal type, high- and low-protein varieties, each (except for spring barley) grown with high or low rates of applied fertilizer N.Apparent digestibility of dry matter measured at the terminal ileum was similar (0·67–0·70) in all three types of cereal but there was a tendency for the DM of high-protein varieties to be digested better than that of low-protein varieties. Over the whole digestive tract, the apparent digestibility of the DM of wheat was higher (0·83) than that of barley (0·75).The apparent digestion of the starch of all samples was virtually complete (0·98) by the end of the ileum; the remainder was digested in the large intestine.The apparent digestibility of N up to the terminal ileum was significantly higher for wheat than for barley, and significantly higher in high- than in low-protein varieties. Over the whole gastro-intestinal tract, the difference between the cereals was even larger; a greater proportion of wheat N than of barley N was digested in the large intestine.The rate of N fertilizer application did not significantly affect the apparent digestibility of any amino acid but there were significant differences amongst the cereal types in the apparent digestibility of seven amino acids. The amino acids in high-protein varieties were, on average, 6 % more digestible than those in low-protein varieties.When allowance was made for the endogenous flow of amino acids, some of the differences between cereals and between high- and low-protein varieties disappeared but some significant differences remained.The biological value (BV) of wheat protein (0·43) was significantly lower than that of barley protein (mean 0·57). When pigs were fed wheat as the sole protein source, the higher N content of wheat compensated for its lower BV. There were no significant differences in the rates of N retention between pigs fed on wheat or barley.

Varietal Differences in the Nutritive-Value of Cereal-Grains for Pigs

Anatomical fractions of oat grains obtained by manual dissection and chemical fractions corresponding to the four major classes of protein present in seeds have been analysed for amino acids by automated column chromatography. Estimates of lysine indicate that this amino acid is concentrated in the embryo and in the albumin and globulin fractions. The salt-soluble proteins can be identified on gels of polyacrylamide following electrophoresis. It is suggested that selection of varieties with high levels of salt-soluble protein offers a means of improving the amino acid balance of oat proteins in relation to the feeding of non-ruminant animals.

Amino acid profiles of chemical and anatomical fractions of oat grains.

Seventeen cultivars of hard and soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and 29 cultivars of two-row and six-row barley (Hordeum distichum and H. vulgare) were examined for bulk weight (BW), 1,000-kernel weight (KW) and plumpness, and analyzed for gross composition, amylose, gross energy (GE), β-glucan (barley only), and for sedimentation (wheat only). Digestion coefficients and digestible energy (DE) values of the cultivars were determined by mouse-feeding. The ranges in protein, starch, amylose, and GE varied from 5 to 15%, whereas ether extract, fiber, ash and β-glucan contents varied from 1 to 3%. Except for sedimentation in wheat, and plumpness in barley there were no major differences in physical or chemical characters between hard and soft wheats or between two- and six-row barley. In wheat, DE was significantly correlated with BW (−0.59, P < 0.05), KW (−0.53, P < 0.05), plumpness (−0.55, P < 0.05), fiber (+0.72, P < 0.01), ash (−0.52, P < 0.05), sedimentation (−0.57, P < 0.05) and GE (+0.97, P < ...

Relationships of various physical and chemical characters to digestible energy in wheat and barley cultivars

Seventy-six samples of barley embracing 14 varieties grown under various conditions of nitrogen fertilisation in different locations in the U.K. were examined for nitrogen content and 14 samples were analysed for their total content of amino acids other than tryptophan.



Top dressing with nitrogenous fertilisers during growth resulted in the production of grain with a higher nitrogen content as well as an increased overall yield of nitrogen/hectare. The growth locality had a greater effect upon the nitrogen content of the harvested seed than did the application of nitrogen to the growing crop.



Lysine content was inversely proportional to crude protein content for barleys containing between 8 and 11% crude protein and, in consequence, within this range the yield of lysine/ton of grain was of the same order.

Evaluation of barley as a source of protein for chicks. I. Variety and nitrogen application in relation to protein content and amino-acid composition of the seed.

Barley samples differing in variety, nitrogen fertiliser treatment and location of growth were compared in mixtures with gelatin by the rat net protein utilisation (n.p.u.) test and in mixtures with fish, meat, soya bean or groundnut meals by the total protein efficiency (t.p.e.) chick growth procedure.



Small but significant differences were found, the order of superiority of the barleys varying according to the nature of the accompanying concentrate and in some cases there were indications that the variations in quality were related to amino-acid composition. In general the poorer the quality of the accompanying concentrate the more pronounced were the differences between the barleys.

Evaluation of barley as a source of protein for chicks. II. Nutritional assessment of barleys of differing variety and composition as complements to protein concentrates.

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Evaluation of barley as a source of protein for chicks. I. Variety and nitrogen application in relation to protein content and amino-acid composition of the seed.

Evaluation of barley as a source of protein for chicks. II. Nutritional assessment of barleys of differing variety and composition as complements to protein concentrates.