This paper examines the strength and modulus of marine clay-cement mixes with high cement content. Although similar studies have been reported, many of these studies were conducted using soil-cement and water-cement ratios which are more applicable to deep cement mixing than jet grouting. The objective of this study is to investigate how the strength and modulus of cement-treated Singapore marine clay vary with cement and water contents at a range of cement contents, which is more representative of that used in jet grouting. To facilitate parametric studies that are relevant to jet grouting operations, a working range of the constituents was proposed for Singapore marine clay based on the liquid and bleeding limits of the soil-cement mixes. Comparison with data from some previous jet grouting studies and projects indicates that the liquid and bleeding limits can encompass most, if not all, of the parameter range normally used in jet grouting operations. The results of unconfined compression tests on cemen...

Strength and modulus of marine clay-cement mixes

This report reviews five low vibration ground improvement techniques suitable for remedial work near existing structures. The five techniques are: compaction grouting, permeation grouting, jet grouting, in situ soil mixing, and drain pile. The factors which can influence the effectiveness of each technique are identified. Cost estimates are given for each technique, except the drain pile technique which is not yet available in the United States. Nineteen case studies of liquefaction remediation and remedial work near existing lifelines are reviewed. Advantages and constraints of the five techniques are compared. A combination of techniques may provide the most cost-effective ground improvement solution for preventing damage to existing lifelines resulting from liquefaction-induced horizontal ground displacement, subsidence, and uplift.

/pdf/ground-improvement-techniques-for-liquefaction-remediation-4e37s4u4gl.pdf

Ground improvement techniques for liquefaction remediation near existing lifelines

The emergence of new technologies is largely dependent on critical examination of the current state of relevant technologies. Accordingly, this paper aims to present the latest advancements in the issues related to deep mixing technology when applied as a countermeasure against liquefaction. Various remedial measures based on the solidification concept are discussed. The basic issues related to various applications of deep mixing for liquefaction, design considerations, and seismic response analysis are examined. A number of case histories is presented, along with the latest progress in new pertinent technologies currently under investigation in Japan. A conceptual framework is proposed for liquefaction mitigation of existing structures. The research needed for further investigation using deep mixing technology for liquefaction is summarized.

Deep Mixing Technology for Liquefaction Mitigation

A pair of large centrifuge tests was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil-cement grid reinforcement on the seismic response of a deep soft soil profile. The soil profile consisted of a 23-m-thick layer of lightly overconsolidated clay, underlain and overlain by thin layers of dense sand. Each centrifuge model had two separate zones for a total of four different configurations: a zone without reinforcement, a zone with an embedded soil-cement grid that penetrated the lower dense sand layer and had a unit cell area replacement ratio of Ar=24%, a zone with an embedded grid with Ar=33%, and a zone with a floating grid in the upper half of the clay layer with Ar=33%. Models were subjected to 13 shaking events with peak base accelerations ranging from 0.005 to 0.31 g. This paper examines the effect of the soil-cement grids on the global responses of the soil profiles, and the internal interaction between soil-cement grids and their enclosed soils. Nonlinearities in the dynamic responses and interact...

Dynamic Centrifuge Tests of Soft Clay Reinforced by Soil–Cement Grids

Soil improvement is required to decrease the construction impact on the adjacent underground structures, when a deep excavation is carried out. Deep soil mixing (DSM) is a common method to control deformation caused by deep excavation. This method is an in situ soil mixing technology that mixes existing soil with cementitious materials. This paper presents a numerical modeling of DSM columns, which was conducted to compare the affected zone achieved by installing two different partially penetrated soil-cement columns using a small scale physical modelling. Test procedure and the finite element analysis that verify ground displacement patterns were described. The finite element method (FEM) was focused on the plane strain numerical modeling in ABAQUS. It was found that higher numbers of piles increase the effect of soil deformation where it will extend the soil in much deeper depth before it fails.

Deformation model of deep soil mixing using finite element method

Construction and Testing of Deep Foundation Improvement Using the Deep Cement Mixing Method

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Construction and Testing of Deep Foundation Improvement Using the Deep Cement Mixing Method