Herbicide Residues in Agroecosystems: Fate, Detection, and Effect on Non-Target Plants

Weeds are the major deterrent to the development of sustainable crop production. Since weeds dictate most of the crop production practices and causes enormous losses (37 per cent) due to their interference. Farmers follow several practices for managing weeds in different crops/cropping systems, of which at present the use of herbicides are on the top due to the scarcity of labors. The sustainability of these systems is being questioned because of environmental, social, and economic concerns caused by global competition, production cost, soil erosion, environmental pollution, and concern over the quality of rural life. Enhancing the crop competitiveness through preventive methods, cultural practices, mechanical methods, plant breeding, biotechnology, biological control and crop diversification will be the central thesis in new paradigms of weed management. Integration of above techniques will be key to sustainable weed management that maintain or enhance the crop productivity, profitability and environmental quality. This article explores the scope of sustainable weed management, growing concerns over herbicide resistance, environmental and health hazards of pesticides including herbicides and declining profitability are the major challenges of ‘high input’ agriculture. The goal of this review is to facilitate the development of ecologically based alternative methods for sustainable weed management that will support crop production systems, which require less tillage, herbicide and other inputs. To accomplish this goal, research efforts must be radically expanded in crop ecology and in the development of ecologically based technologies for weed management. Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices reduces the intensity of soil manipulation thereby creates an unfavorable condition for weed seed germination, reduces the organic matter depletion and soil erosion. Thus, the sustainable approaches could be an option for weed and soil management which leads to sustainable crop production.

A review of weed management in india: the need of new directions for sustainable agriculture

Two field experiments were conducted to assess the response of growth, yield and quality of potato crop as well as weed control efficacy (WCE) to different colours (blue, white and black) of plastic mulches, biodegradable (plastic and rice straw) mulches, infrared transmitting (IRT) plastic mulch and natural herbicides (acetic acid 20% (AA), citric acid (CA) 10% and AA 10% + CA 5%) in comparison with hoeing, metribuzin herbicide and unweeded check. At 90 days after planting, black and biodegradable plastic mulches recorded WCE significantly higher than hoeing treatment with values of 98.1% and 93.8%, respectively, compared with 83.1% for hoeing. High WCE was recorded by AA 20% (90.7%), rice straw (90.4%), white (89.6%), IRT (88.1%) and blue (83.7%) plastic mulches and AA 10% + CA 5% (80.5%) which were similar to hoeing treatment. The lowest WCE (70.2%) was obtained by CA 10% treatment. The highest plant shoot fresh weight was recorded in biodegradable and black plastic treatments. Weed infestation in the unweeded plots reduced marketable yield of potato by 57.8%. All plastic and rice straw treatments produced total and marketable yields similar to hoeing treatment. The increase of marketable yield under synthetic and biodegradable mulches ranged from 118.6 to 155.1%. Application of AA 20% and the mixture of AA 10% + CA 5% achieved tuber yields similar to metribuzin herbicide. Biodegradable plastic recorded the largest tuber volume and the lowest physiological disorder yield. The highest starch content was recorded in black plastic and rice straw mulch treatments. It was concluded that mulches and natural herbicides may provide alternative safe weed management methods to hoeing and/or synthetic herbicides in potato crop, especially for new reclaimed areas and organic farms.

Weed Control Efficacy, Growth and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as Affected by Alternative Weed Control Methods

Plant protection represents one of the strategies to fill the yield gap and to achieve food security, a key topic for India development. Analysis of climate risks for crops indicates that South Asia is one of the regions most exposed to the adverse impact on many plants that are relevant to inhabitants exposed to food safety risks. Furthermore, accumulation of pesticide residues in the aquatic and other ecosystems is becoming a significant threat in India. These perspectives require to develop programs of crop protection that can be feasible according to Indian rural development and pollution policy. Here we review the research works done on soil solarization in India. Soil solarization (also called plasticulture) is an eco-friendly soil disinfestations method for managing soil-borne plant pathogens. This is the process of trapping solar energy by moist soil covered with transparent polyethylene films and chemistry, biology and physical properties of soil are involved in pest control. So far, this technique is applied in more than 50 countries, mostly in hot and humid regions. India has 29 states and these states fall under five climatic zones, from humid to arid ones. We report pest management application in different climatic zones and their effects on production, weeds, nematodes and pathogenic microorganisms. The analysis of soil temperatures and crop protection results indicate as environmental requirement for soil solarization fits in most of Indian rural areas. Soil solarization is compatible with future Indian scenarios and may support Indian national food security programs.

The Role of Soil Solarization in India: How an Unnoticed Practice Could Support Pest Control.

Efficacy of mulches for weed management in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.)

Weeds are self grown plants which appear simultaneously with crop plant and result in intense crop-weed competition and cause reduction in yield varying from 2771% depending upon type and intensity of weeds and their time of occurrence. Effective weed management requires knowledge of weed seed bank dynamics, germination pattern and environmental conditions suitable for seedling emergence (Fraud-William et al. 1984). Weed seed bank affects the weed flora and its density because of the good relationship between the weed flora and the weed seed bank in the soil (Sousa et al. 2003). Soil solarization is a special technique in which moist soil is covered by polyethylene (PE) film and heated by solar radiation for several weeks. Northern India has high air temperature in summer therefore high soil temperature (50-600C) can be developed in soil covered with transparent polyethylene sheets (Kumar et al. 1993). A field experiment was done to asses the effectiveness of soil solarization for a period of 45 days on weed dynamics in pearl millet-wheat cropping system

Effect of soil solarization on weed seed bank in soil

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2002–03 and 2003–04 to study the effect of weed management practices on yield and quality of potato. Lowest weed biomass at harvest was found in prometryne (0.1 kg/ha PE) treated plots, followed by pendimethalin (1.0 Kg/ha PE) and metribuzin (0.5 kg/ha PE). Similarly highest yield of potato tubers was recorded in plots treated with prometryne (0.1 kg/ha PE), next best treatments were pendimethalin (1.0 Kg/ha PE), metribuzin (0.5 kg/ha PE) and two hand weedings. Highest dry matter content of potato tubers was recorded in fluchloralin followed by alachlor, one earthing.and mulching, all being significantly superior to hand weeding treatment while higher dry matter yield was recorded in prometryne (0.1 kg/ha PE), pendimethalin (1.0 Kg/ha PE) and metribuzin. Ascorbic acid content was highest in pendimethalin treated tubers followed by fluchloralin and paraquat. Protein content was highest in pendimethalin treated tubers followed by metribuzin and prometryne, while maximum starch content was found in prometryne, followed by fluchloralin and mulching treatments. No residual activity of herbicides applied to potato was found in post harvest soil.

Yield and quality of potato as influenced by weed management practices and their residual study in soil

An experiment was conducted at during rabi season 2004–05 to determine the persistence of pendimethalin in soil applied to eight different crops (gram, lentil, linseed, safflower, rajma, fenugreek, fennel and coriander) using bioassay technique. Maize was used as sensitive crop. Plant height, fresh weight and dry weight were significantly affected by pendimethalin up to 75 days after application (DAA) while effect of crops and the interaction were non-significant. Plant height in pendimethalin treated soil was reduced by 31.0, 29.5, 22.7, 22.0 and 8.5 per cent as compared to control at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAA respectively. Similar trend in reduction of fresh and dry weight of maize due to pendimethalin were observed. This suggest that pendimethalin persisted in soil under different crops up to 75 DAA and beyond that no residues were left in soil.

Persistence of pendimethalin in soil applied to different crops

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2006-07 and 2007-08 at Gwalior (M.P.) to evaluate the effect of herbicides on weed control and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivatum L.) and residues of herbicides in post harvest soil, grain and straw of wheat. Ten treatments consisting of post emergence application of two doses of isoproturon (1.0 and 2.0 kg/ha), clodinafop- propargyl (60 and 120 g/ha), fenoxaprop -p-ethyl (60 and 120 g/ha) and sulfosulfuron (25 and 50 g/ha) along with two hand weeding and weedy control were evaluated in randomized block design with four replications. Samples of post harvest soil, grain and straw of wheat with higher dose of herbicides were analysed for herbicide residues by HPLC using PDA detector. Lowest weed population and weed dry weight at 60 days after sowing was recorded in isoproturon at both concentrations while lowest weed biomass at harvest and weed control efficiency was recorded in sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha followed by two hand weeding. Highest wheat yield (5.4 t/ha) was recorded in two hand weeding which was at par with sulfosulfuron 50 g/ha. clodinafop 60 g/ha, sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha and isoproturon 2.0 kg/ha. A reduction of 55.4% in wheat yield in weedy check was observed as compared to two hand weeding. A residue of 0.006, 0.041 and 0.022 µg/g isoproturon was in post harvest soil, wheat grain and straw while residues of 0.021 and 0.096 (µg g/g) clodinafop was present in soil and grain at higher level of application.

Efficacy of herbicides on wheat and their terminal residues in soil, grain and straw

A field experiment was conducted for 6 years (2002–2008) on different tillage and weed control methods in pearlmillet under pearlmillet-wheat cropping system. The treatments comprised of five tillage practices and three weed control practices, viz. hand weeding, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha and weedy check applied to pearlmillet crop. Atrazine 0.5 kg/ha persisted in the soil up to 30 days after application and beyond that no residues were left in soil. Various tillage practices did not affect persistence of atrazine in the soil. In another study during (2008–2014), weed control measures, viz. atrazine 0.5 kg/ha, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + FYM 10 t/ha, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + one hand weeding, two hand weedings and weedy check in pearlmillet were followed in wheat crop with weed control treatments, viz. isoproturon 0.75 kg/ha, isoproturon 0.75 kg/ha + 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha, isoproturon 0.75 kg/ha + hand weeding, 2 hand weedings and weedy check. Atrazine at 0.5 kg/ha applied alone or along with 10 t/ha FYM persisted in soil up to 45 days. Similarly, isoproturon applied at 0.75 kg/ha or isoproturon 0.75 kg/ha + 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha persisted in soil up to 45 days and did not leave phytotoxic effect on pearlmillet and wheat crops. Results demonstrated that atrazine, isoproturon + 2,4-D may be safely used for weed management in these crops.

Persistence of Herbicides in Pearlmillet–Wheat Cropping System in Madhya Pradesh

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