A Rapid Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Nitrite in Water.

Free radicals/reactive oxygen species (ROSs)/reactive nitrogen species (RNSs) are produced by cells through endogenous reactions, various physiochemical events or pathological issues. Antioxidants (AOX) are compounds scavenge or regulate these radicals. The balance between these molecules and AOXs is a pre-requisite for healthy physiological functions of the body. If free radicals/ROS/ RNS over expresses in the system results into oxidative stress and other life style disorders i.e., oxidize lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and trigger a number of human diseases. Therefore, inclusion of antioxidants in food can assist in balancing this sort of oxidative bursts. Chemical antioxidants like butylated hydroxy anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene, propyl gallate and tert-butyl hydroquinone were employed in food resulted in to dangerous ill effects. Thus, the search for plant based biomolecules with antioxidative activity has been explored in recent times. The present overview provides an account of plants employed by the local people as antioxidants or functional foods or stress reliever in alleviating human diseases. The secondary metabolites analyzed in the present study as antioxidants include polyphenolics, carotenoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids. These molecules function either as free radical scavengers or function by retarding chain initiation or involved in repair of damaged biomolecules. The output of the study will assist in providing knowledge regarding appropriate applications of the natural bioactive components in the regular diet as nutraceuticals.

https://www.ecronicon.com/ecpt/pdf/ECPT-08-00538.pdf

Secondary Metabolites and their Antioxidant Activities:An Overview

https://mail.phcogj.com/sites/default/files/10.5530pj.2017.5.107_1.pdf

Comprehensive Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Selected Osbeckia species and their in vitro Culture, Purification and Fractionation

تمت زراعة العشب البحري الاخضر انتيرومورفا كومبريسا (المثبت علي دعامته الصخرية الصغيرة) معمليا تحت الظروف الطبيعية لفصل الربيع من درجة حرارة و شدة اضاءه و توقيت ضضوي. و ذلك لدراسة مدي تحمل هذا العشب الاخضر و النامي طبيعيا في منطقة المد و الجزر، للاجهاد الملحي (تركيزات أقل و أكبر من تركيز ماء البحر). و لهذا تمت زراعتة معمليا و نقله بعد جمعه من بيئته و هو مثبت علي دعامتة الصخرية الصغيرة و في فصل الربيع (حيث يسود نموه في منطقة المد و الجزر) و أقلمته لمدة اسبوع علي النمو معمليا تحت نفس ظروف بيئته ثم نموه تحت ظروف اجهاد ملحي صناعي (ASW) و مقارنته بعينه ضابطه تنمو تحت ظروف ماء بحر طبيعي  (NSW) و باستخدام تهويه بمعدل ثابت خلال مده التجربة و تحت ظروف فصل الربيع الطبيعية من ضوء و درجة حرارة.
تم تعيين معدل النمو للطحلب (ممثل بالمحتوي الصبغي الكلي للكلوروفيل و الكاروتينويدات) علي فترات منتظمة (كل 5 أيام) خلال مدة التجربة (25 يوما). تم عمل مستخلصات للطحلب النامي تحت ظروف الاجهاد الملحي المختلفة باستخدام مذيبات عضوية مختلفه القطبيه(petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and  acetone)   و تعيين المحتوى الصبغي و مضادات الاكسده (مقارنه بمضاد الاكسده القياسي BHT). أظهرت النتائج وجود زياده في معدل النمو خاصة عند تركيزات 35, 53 g/L   و بمعدل أقل عند تركيز106 g/L  و ذلك خلال الخمسه عشر يوما الاولي للتجربة ثم بدأ بعدها تدهور ملحوظ و تدريجي للنمو نتيجة تأثير الاجهاد الملحي التراكمي علي عمليتي البناء الضوئي و التمثيل الغذائي.
بالنسبة للنشاط المضاد للاكسده و الذي يعتمد علي التركيز، نوع المذيب العضوي للمستخلص و علي مدة التحضين ، فقد تم تعيينه بعد الخمسه عشر يوما الاولي للتجربة و في نهايتها (25 يوم) ، أظهر مستخلص الاسيتون أعلي نشاط مضاد للاكسدة تحت كل الظروف و التركيزات مقارنة بباقي المستخلصات و بمضاد الاكسدة القياسي BHT، و كان أكثرها نشاط هو أكبر تركيز للملوحة (106 g/L).

/pdf/the-role-of-salt-stress-on-laboratory-cultivation-of-green-1oxpkfq0cm.pdf

The role of salt stress on laboratory cultivation of green macroalga Enteromorpha compressa and its antioxidant activity

Screening biological activities of orthosiphon aristatus: some observations.

Seaweeds are macroalgae adapted to inhabit marine ecosystem. They are sources of phytochemicals and reveal immense functional food applications. 10,000 species of algae have been reported across the world and their production is estimated to 6-7 million tones, of which nearly 90% comes from Asia-Pacific region. High diversity and growth of many species of seaweeds occur along the South east coast of Tamil nadu, Gujarat, Lakshadweep and Andaman-Nicobar Islands. 844 species of marine algae comprising Chlorophyta (216), Phaeophyta (191), Rhodophyta (434) and Xanthophyta (3) are reported from Indian coastal belt. They yield nutraceuticals, cosmetics, feed, pharmaceuticals, phycocolloids, fertilizer and biofuels. Sea weed derived compounds are an ample source of nutritionally and pharmaceutically active agents. The proven examples are Gracilaria, Gelidiella, Gelidium and Pterocladia, Kappaphycus, Hypnea, Gigartina, Chondrus, Sargassum, Hormophysa, Laminaria, Turbinaria, Undaria, Cystoseria Macrocystis, Enteromorpha linza, Enteromorpha prolifera, Ulva, Caulerpa, Sargassum, Hypnea musciformis and Acanthophora.. Functional ingredients derived from these algae can help fill the requirement for bioactive to treat chronic diseases like cancer, multiresistant microbial infections, inflammatory events and weight management risks. Future need included algae/seaweed industry comprising species selection, mass-production via photobioreactor productivity and yields, harvesting, and downstream processing.

Prospects of seaweeds as sources of bioactive phytochemicals: a search along coastal belts of Kerala.

Objective: To validate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of purified anthocyanin extracted from the cell suspension culture of Clerodendron infortunatum Linn. Methods: A protocol has been developed for the induction of callus proliferation from leaf and nodal explants of C. infortunatum . The explants were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with diverse combinations of 2,4-D and BAP for triggering callus formation. Subsequently, the green compact callus has been sub-cultured in the medium fortified with 2,4-D and Kinetin for anthocyanin synthesis. Cell suspension culture was also established and the elicitor, salicylic acid was used for triggering anthocyanin synthesis. Three different chromatographic columns (solid phase extraction by Sepharose C18 column, Oasis-MCX and Amberlite XAD 7 + Sephadex LH 120 sorbents) were employed to purify the in vitro synthesized anthocyanin from cell suspension cultures. For purity evaluation HPLC and molar absorptivity assay were used. Further, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity was evaluated comparing with silymarine, as standard in rats. In vitro antioxidant scavenging activity was analysed by DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assay. Results: After 1 month, the leaf explants yielded remarkable green compact callus on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D. Salicylic acid enhanced anthocyanin synthesis. The mean purity values obtained by HPLC were 90.9% ± 1.9 and 80.60% ±2.3 for Oasis MCX, Amberlite XAD-7 + Sephadex LH-20 column respectively. However, the purity calculated by molar absorptivity was found to be less. The highest purity achieved using molar absorptivity analysis was with MCX cartidges i.e., 85.9 ± 3.8%. HPLC yielded 12 anthocyanin fractions. Remarkable antioxidant scavenging activity was noticed as revealed by DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assay. The hepatoprotection activity (25, 50, 100 mg/100g b.w) was compared with silymarine (25 mg/kg b.w) against CCl 4 induced toxicity.  Anthocyanin extract improved the AST, ALT and recovered the activity of kidney function by decreasing the urea and creatinine content. In addition, the administration of anthocyanin significantly inhibited the oxidative stress via its scavenging of the reactive oxygen species formed by CCl 4 stress. Further, a decrease in the MDA, H 2 O 2 , NO accumulation and increase of GSH content were noticed. Similarly,  improved lipid profiles, LDL and HDL levels were also observed suggesting that anthocyanin significantly suppress the toxicity via its activation of antioxidant enzymes (GST, CAT and SOD). Conclusion: The overall results showed that the purified anthocyanin of C. infortunatum function as an antioxidant and  there by hepatoprotective protection against CCl 4 inducedtoxicity in animal models.

/pdf/validation-of-hepatoprotective-and-antioxidant-activity-of-4nxi0rtcbb.pdf

Validation of hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of folk lore knowledge of purified anthocyanin from cell suspension culture of clerodendron infortunatum l.: a search

Bridelia retusa is traditionally used as an astringent and for treating rheumatic pains Present study revealed that 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid alone or in combination with kinetin-fortified Murashige and Skoog medium showed good response in terms of callus from leaf explants of B retusa Growth hormones, pH, light, and carbon source influenced secondary metabolic pathways The highest callus induction was 989 % with 25 mg/l N6-benzyladenine+2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid The optimal fresh and dry weights of the calli were 19±004 and 045±003 g, respectively The calli incubated in light on Murashige and Skoog medium with 4 % glucose containing 25 mg/l benzyladenine and 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at pH 35 yielded 28 mg/g of anthocyanins Murashige and Skoog medium with glucose was optimal compared to sucrose for anthocyanin synthesis Addition of kinetin inhibited anthocyanin accumulation Pigmented calli transferred to half strength Murashige and Skoog medium with NH+/NO3 (1:4 ratio), 70 g/l sucrose and supplementation with benzyladenine+2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid produced remarkable biomass production with anthocyanin synthesis when compared with the initial culture conditions Suspension cultures of Murashige and Skoog medium containing 25 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2 mg/l benzyladenine at pH 50 induced anthocyanin synthesis into the medium with pH 44–46 HCl-water and HCl-ethanol extractions for 90 min was attempted to obtain the maximum amount of anthocyanin content Temperature factors and pH against anthocyanin extraction and stability was analyzed Enhancement in the degradation rate constant with a corresponding decline in the t1/2 values was seen with the increasing temperature at pH 1 and 4 Fractionation of anthocyanin was carried by high performance liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry revealed 09 fractions comprising acylated cyanidins and two peonidins The major compounds were cyanidin 3-p-coumaroyl and feruloyl diglucoside-5-glucosides Thus, the calli from leaf explants could be a good source for anthocyanin synthesis

/pdf/purification-fractionation-and-characterization-of-2e1bz02i1h.pdf

Purification, Fractionation and Characterization of Anthocyanin from in vitro Culture of Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng.

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Secondary Metabolites and their Antioxidant Activities:An Overview

Prospects of seaweeds as sources of bioactive phytochemicals: a search along coastal belts of Kerala.

Validation of hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of folk lore knowledge of purified anthocyanin from cell suspension culture of clerodendron infortunatum l.: a search

Purification, Fractionation and Characterization of Anthocyanin from in vitro Culture of Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng.