Fiber optic sensors have become a mainstream sensing technology within a large array of applications due to their inherent benefits. They are now used significantly in structural health monitoring, and are an essential solution for monitoring harsh environments. Since their first development over 30 years ago, they have also found promise in security applications. This paper reviews all of the optical fiber-based techniques used in physical intrusion detection systems. It details the different approaches used for sensing, interrogation, and networking, by research groups, attempting to secure both commercial and residential premises from physical security breaches. The advantages and the disadvantages of the systems are discussed, and each of the different perimeter protection methods is outlined, namely, in-ground, perimeter fence, and window and door protection. This paper reviews the progress in optical fiber-based intrusion detection techniques from the past through to the current state-of-the-art systems and identifies areas, which may provide opportunities for improvement, as well as proposing future directions in this field.

/pdf/optical-fiber-sensors-in-physical-intrusion-detection-10e9q7urh6.pdf

Optical Fiber Sensors in Physical Intrusion Detection Systems: A Review

In this paper, we show some recent experimental applications of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) based sensors for geotechnical monitoring. In particular, how these sensors can be applied to detecting early movements of soil slopes by the direct embedding of suitable fiber cables in the ground is presented. Furthermore, the same technology can be used to realize innovative inclinometers, as well as smart foundation anchors.

Brillouin optical time-domain analysis for geotechnical monitoring

Since late 70s, (quasi-)distributed OFS have been developed, 12 countries producing 85% of the global effort. Since mid-80s, OFS has caught attention in many sectors where SHM is a matter of concern (civil engineering, composites, oil & gas, renewable energies, safety...). Today, OFS is became a strategic domain, especially in Asia, and China invests a lot since 7-8 years. Top 12 countries involved in SHM are, almost the same than in OFS, having published 80% of the total. Statistics proves that OFS is now the second sensing technology for SHM, and 2/3 concern the FBG sensing.

https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01021251/document

The Evolution of Optical Fiber Sensors Technologies During the 35 Last Years and Their Applications in Structure Health Monitoring

The primary aim of this issue of MRS Bulletin is to present an overview of the deployment of optical-fiber sensors in a selected range of applications. The topics covered include a general introduction to optical fibers; a review of the sensing mechanisms that are available to monitor strain, temperature, pressure, chemical species, damage, and acoustic emission; and the use of optical-fiber sensors in medical applications. This introductory article presents a brief discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of optical-fiber sensors.

Optical-Fiber Sensors

Security is a rising market, and solutions based on distributed sensing provide answers adapted to requests of citizens and
industrials. We developed the SMARTFENCE concept, to provide an innovative solution for enhanced perimeter
security of critical infrastructures. It includes a new kind of optical cable deployed on fences, a Brillouin instrumentation,
and a dedicated signal processing. Several 20 m-long fences were equipped with such sensing cable and tested by
commandos, then intrusion signals were used to develop the signal processing. Field trials resulted in a very sensitive
solution, thanks to an innovative deployment procedure of optical cables on fences. The project ends with a long term
demonstration: an electrical substation, 670 m perimeter, has been equipped with the fiber sensing cable, on two fence
levels. This validation provides an important experience feedback and the monitoring system validation.

Brillouin sensing for perimetric detection: the SmartFence project

Safety while tunneling is one of the main challenges for underground constructions, avoiding
confinement losses, which remain an important risk for public works, leading to additional delays and high
insurance costs. In such applications, usual surface instrumentations cannot be set up because of high building
density in many overcrowded cities. Tunnelling deals with the challenge of requiring ground surface
undisturbed. One original concept proposed in the framework of the European Tunconstruct project, consists
in very early settlement detection close to the tunnel vault and before any detectable effect on the surface. The
adopted solution is to set-up a sensing element inserted into a directional drilling excavated above the
foreseen tunnel. The methodology is based on the well known Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
(B-OTDR) in singlemode optical fibres and a special cable design dedicated to bending measurement. Two
cables, based on different industrial manufacturing processes, have been developed taking into account the
strain sensitivity required, the flexibility and the robustness for borehole installation, a low power attenuation
and storage on a drum. Industrial prototypes have been manufactured and validated with tests in open air
where settlement profiles geometry can be accurately controlled. Demonstration on job site took place on The
Greater Cairo Metro Line 3 (CML3) at the beginning of 2009.

Brillouin optical fiber distributed sensor for settlement monitoring while tunneling the metro line 3 in Cairo, Egypt

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Brillouin sensing for perimetric detection: the SmartFence project

Brillouin optical fiber distributed sensor for settlement monitoring while tunneling the metro line 3 in Cairo, Egypt