CHAPTER 7 – Implications for Prevention

Lead is an environmental toxicant that can induce oxidative stress (OS) via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which has been reported as an important mechanism underlying lead toxicity (Gurer and Ercal 2000; Pande and Flora 2002; Kasperczyk et al. 2004a; Farmand et al. 2005; Verstraeten et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2009; Martinez-Haro et al. 2011). OS occurs when the generation of ROS exceeds the antioxidant system's ability to defend cells against oxidized molecules. ROS is a term generally used to refer to free radicals derived from O2 (e.g., superoxide anions [O2-] and hydroxyl radicals [OH-]) or to non-radical species (e.g. hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) (Halliwell and Cross 1994).

Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review.

Lead (Pb2 +) is a non-essential metal with numerous industrial applications that have led to its ubiquity in the environment. Thus, not only occupational-exposed individuals’ health is compromised, but also that of the general population and in particular children. Notably, although the central nervous system is particularly susceptible to Pb2 +, other systems are affected as well. The present study focuses on molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects that arise from the presence of Pb2 + in situ in the brain, and the possible toxic effects that follows. As the brain barriers represent the first target of systemic Pb2 +, mechanisms of Pb2 + entry into the brain are discussed, followed by a detailed discussion on neurotoxic mechanisms, with special emphasis on theories of ion mimicry, mitochondrial dysfunction, redox imbalance, and neuroinflammation. Most importantly, the confluence and crosstalk between these events is combined into a cogent mechanism of toxicity, by intertwining recent and old evidences from humans, in vitro cell culture and experimental animals. Finally, pharmacological interventions, including chelators, antioxidants substances, anti-inflammatory drugs, or their combination are reviewed as integrated approaches to ameliorate Pb2 + harmful effects in both developing or adult organisms.

Molecular mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity.

Millions of tons of lead were added to gasoline worldwide beginning in 1922, and leaded gasoline has been a major source of population lead exposure. In 1960s, lead began to be removed from automotive gasoline. Removal was completed in 2021.To determine whether removal of lead from automotive gasoline is associated with declines in population mean blood lead levels (BPb).We examined published studies that reported population blood leaded levels for two or more years, and we calculated average concentrations of lead in gasoline corresponding to the years and locations of the blood lead level measurements.Removal of lead from gasoline is associated with declines in BPb in all countries examined. In some countries, BPb continues to fall after lead has been eliminated from gasoline. Following elimination of lead from gasoline, BPb less than 1 μg/dL have been observed in several European and North American countries, and BPb less than 3 μg/dL have been documented in several studies from South America.There remain many countries for which no multi-year studies of populations BPb have been identified, including all of Central America, high population countries including Pakistan and Indonesia, and major lead producers including Australia and Russia.Removal of lead from gasoline has been a public health success. Elimination of lead from gasoline has enabled many countries to achieve population mean BPb levels of 1 μg/dL or lower. These actions have saved lives, increased children's intelligence and created great economic benefit in countries worldwide. 

/pdf/relation-of-blood-lead-levels-and-lead-in-gasoline-an-1ndra9qw.pdf

Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review

Capsule: Raptor research and monitoring informs issues of relevance to human health, including environmental contamination, emerging infectious diseases and environmental changeAims: The paper examines the relevance of raptor research and monitoring to inform issues of relevance to human health, including environmental contamination, emerging vector-borne diseases and environmental changeMethods: Reviews of European Union policy context and role of raptor research and monitoring in detection of and response to contaminants Examples include lead ammunition in White-tailed Sea Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla in Europe, and impacts of diclofenac on Gyps vultures in the Indian subcontinent Comments on the relevance of raptor research and monitoring to emerging infectious diseases and environmental change, and considers the links between raptors and humansResults: Biomonitoring of contaminants in raptors can perform useful purposes in relation to chemicals legislation Raptors are useful sentinels of 

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00063657.2018.1506735

Monitoring contaminants, emerging infectious diseases and environmental change with raptors, and links to human health

Lead (Pb) is a developmental neurotoxicant found in industrial activities, many of them already prohibited worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate current blood Pb (PbB) levels in children in Cordoba, Argentina, and to compare these with similar studies performed before Pb was banned in gasoline in 1996. We also sought to identify mechanistically relevant biomarkers by measuring δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities. We finally aimed to determine whether sociodemographic characteristics are associated with Pb toxicity. Blood samples collected from 161 healthy children between September 2009 and February 2010 revealed mean PbB levels of 2.58 ± 0.30 µg/dl. Enzymatic δ-ALAD, CAT, and SOD activities showed no significant variations when plotted against PbB levels. Finally, children living in the suburbs have higher PbB levels than their city counterparts, while low socioeconomic status increased δ-ALAD inhibition compared with that of middle-inco...

Blood lead levels and enzymatic biomarkers of environmental lead exposure in children in Córdoba, Argentina, after the ban of leaded gasoline

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Blood lead levels and enzymatic biomarkers of environmental lead exposure in children in Córdoba, Argentina, after the ban of leaded gasoline