Among 13,833 patients suspected of contact dermatitis examined during the years 1978-1999, occupational contact allergy to (meth)acrylates was diagnosed in 31 patients. The 3 most common sensitizers were ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (17 positive patch tests), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (14) and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (6). The aim of this report was to assess the different occupations and industries responsible for occupational sensitization to (meth)acrylates. 14 of the 31 patients work in the dental sector, either as a dentist or as a student of dental technology, where (meth)acrylate-containing dental prostheses and dental composites are mainly responsible for allergy to (meth)acrylates. An increasing trend in dermatological problems related to the expansion of the use of (meth)acrylates is clearly reflected in the patient population of our dermatology department.

Occupational contact allergy to (meth)acrylates.

Between 1974 and 1992, we were consulted by 4 patients (an orthodontist, 2 dental technicians and a dental worker trained in-house) who had developed occupational allergic contact dermatitis from working with dental prostheses. All patients had positive allergic patch test reactions to methyl methacrylate (MMA), the acrylate which is the most widely used in work with prostheses. All but the orthodontist also reacted to dimethacrylates, which are used in cross-linked dental prostheses. The last patient, investigated in 1992, had been exposed mainly to light-cured acrylics, which are similar in composition to dental composite resins. These acrylics, only recently introduced into prosthetic work, contain more potent acrylic sensitizers than MMA. Accordingly, dental personnel working with prostheses may face a higher risk of sensitization than previously. To detect cases of occupational allergic contact dermatitis, we suggest that patients working with dental prostheses should be patch tested with MMA, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethacrylates, epoxy acrylates and urethane acrylates.

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to acrylates during work with dental prostheses

Background
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by acrylate compounds is common in dental personnel; they also often complain of work-related respiratory or conjunctival symptoms.

Objective
The aim of the present study was to report the cases of acrylates induced respiratory hypersensitivity in dental personnel diagnosed in Finland during the last 6 years.

Methods
Occupational asthma, rhinitis, laryngitis and pharyngitis cases were diagnosed according to patient history, PEF monitoring, and a work-simulating provocation test.

Results
Twelve cases of respiratory hypersensitivity caused by acrylates diagnosed in dental personnel (six dentists and six dental nurses) in 1992–97 are reported. During this period one case of conjunctivitis and one of laryngitis have been published separately. Nine cases of occupational asthma, two rhinitis cases, and one laryngitis case were verified according to the challenge tests with dental acrylate compounds (acrylates, methacrylates and epoxy acrylates). Only three patients had positive skin-prick test reactions to common environmental allergens, and none reacted to acrylates in the skin-prick tests. Five patients had an elevated total IgE (>110 kU/L). PEF follow-up showed an occupational effect in all examined eight patients with diagnosed asthma. The mean duration of exposure to acrylates was 22 years, and the duration of respiratory symptoms 8 years.

Conclusions
The results indicate that acrylates constitute an important hazard for dental workers. The mechanism of respiratory hypersensitivity is still unknown, and it is probably not IgE-mediated.

Occupational respiratory hypersensitivity caused by preparations containing acrylates in dental personnel

Sensibilización a acrilatos por uñas artificiales acrílicas. Revisión de 15 casos

Epoxy and acrylic resins have numerous industrial applications but are also widely used in the household environment. These compounds are presently one of the most important sources of occupational contact dermatitis.Contact sensitization to epoxy resins is usually caused by the resin itself but hardeners or other additives, such as reactive diluents, plasticizers, fillers and pigments, can occasionally be responsible. Since completely cured epoxy resins are not sensitizers, epoxy resin sensitization is always due to the presence, in the final polymer, of uncured allergenic low molecular weight oligomers.Acrylates are now considered the fourth most common cause of contact sensitization due to resins. Unpolymerized monomers of acrylic compounds are known to be responsible for the contact allergy. Accelerators, inhibitors and catalysts, which are usually added to the acrylates to promote the polymerization process, can also sensitize.Both allergic and irritant contact dermatitis may be caused by exposure to...

Occupational skin hazards from synthetic plastics.

5. Fisher A A. Resorcinol, a rare sensitizer. Cutis 1982: 29: 331-332. 6. Shiogematsu T, Ozawa N, Nakayama H. In vitro study of the cross-sensitivity of hair dye using hapten-specific lymphocytes. Contact Dermatitis 1988: 19: 30-35. 7. Burnett C M, Goldenthal E I. Multigeneration reproduction and carcinogenety studies in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed topically to oxidative hair-colouring formulations containing p-phenylenediamine and other aromatic amines. FoodChem-Toxico/1988: 26: 467-474.

Occupational airborne contact dermatitis due to ethylene glycol dimethacrylate

Phenylephrine in eardrops causing contact dermatitis.

Thyroid function in systemic sclerosis.

1. Dooms-Goossens A. Identification of undetected corticosteroid allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1988: 18: 124-125. 2. Reitamo S, Lauerma A I, Stubb S, Kayhko K, Visa K, Forstrom L. Delayed hypersensitivity to topical corticosteroids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986: 15: 582-589. 3. Guin J D. Contact sensitivity to topical corticosteroids. JAm Acad Dermato/1984: 10: 773-782. 4. Thalen A, Brattsand R. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties ofbudesonide, a new nonhalogenated glucocorticoid with high local activity. Arzneim-Frosh Drug/Res 1979: 29 (II) 1678-1690. 5. Scott M et al. Effect on plasma cortisol level and urinary cortisol excretion, in healthy volunteers, after application of 3 different topical steroid ointments under occlusion. Acta Dermato-venereologica 1981: Suppl. 61: 543-546. Contact Dermatitis 1991: 24: 55

Contact dermatitis due to a food mite.

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Occupational airborne contact dermatitis due to ethylene glycol dimethacrylate

Phenylephrine in eardrops causing contact dermatitis.

Thyroid function in systemic sclerosis.

Contact dermatitis due to a food mite.