The scarcity of clean and fresh water in some parts of the world, which is exacerbated by man’s activities either through domestic or industrial use, has been an age-old cause of worry. Printing and dyeing wastewater is the aqueous effluent released by factories that operate the dyeing and finishing of wool and silk, among other things. The printing and dyeing wastewater (PDW) contains a high concentration of dyes, salts, and other contaminants. This study is a review of published literature that utilised various technologies for the treatment of PDW. The studied technologies include adsorption, membrane technology, advanced oxidation processes, and biological processes. The strengths as well as the drawbacks of these technologies were studied. It was observed that adsorption, membrane technology, and biological processes recorded a removal efficiency of ˃80%, a rejection rate of ˃90%, and an effective dye degradation rate of ˃96%, respectively. From the study, it was observed that advanced oxidation processes is the most viable technique for PDW treatment due to its simplicity, efficiency, scalability, and from the economic point of view. Future perspectives, such as product recovery from the PDW waste stream, modelling and optimisation of the printing and dyeing processes, and the adoption of zero liquid and waste discharge, were also presented in this study. Finally, PDW treatment technologies should strike a balance between being environmentally friendly, efficient, and cost-effective to achieve robust and sustainable wastewater treatment programs. • In this study, printing and dyeing wastewater treatment technologies were examined. • This wastewater contains a high concentration of dyes, salts, and other contaminants. • Physicochemical processes have several limitations to treat the wastewater. • Adsorption technology can result in dye rejection rates of over 90%. • Advanced oxidation processes was observed to be the most viable treatment technique. 

A review on treatment technologies for printing and dyeing wastewater (PDW)

Dye and nitro-compound pollution has become a significant issue worldwide. The adsorption and degradation of dyes and nitro-compounds have recently become important areas of study. Different methods, such as precipitation, flocculation, ultra-filtration, ion exchange, coagulation, and electro-catalytic degradation have been adopted for the adsorption and degradation of these organic pollutants. Apart from these methods, adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and chemical degradation are considered the most economical and efficient to control water pollution from dyes and nitro-compounds. In this review, different kinds of dyes and nitro-compounds, and their adverse effects on aquatic organisms and human beings, were summarized in depth. This review article covers the comprehensive analysis of the adsorption of dyes over different materials (porous polymer, carbon-based materials, clay-based materials, layer double hydroxides, metal-organic frameworks, and biosorbents). The mechanism and kinetics of dye adsorption were the central parts of this study. The structures of all the materials mentioned above were discussed, along with their main functional groups responsible for dye adsorption. Removal and degradation methods, such as adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and chemical degradation of dyes and nitro-compounds were also the main aim of this review article, as well as the materials used for such degradation. The mechanisms of photocatalytic and chemical degradation were also explained comprehensively. Different factors responsible for adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and chemical degradation were also highlighted. Advantages and disadvantages, as well as economic cost, were also discussed briefly. This review will be beneficial for the reader as it covers all aspects of dye adsorption and the degradation of dyes and nitro-compounds. Future aspects and shortcomings were also part of this review article. There are several review articles on all these topics, but such a comprehensive study has not been performed so far in the literature.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/3/1081/pdf?version=1675431032

A Comprehensive Review on Adsorption, Photocatalytic and Chemical Degradation of Dyes and Nitro-Compounds over Different Kinds of Porous and Composite Materials

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the uncontrolled discharge of wastewater from textile and dyeing industries into water bodies is environmentally challenging to humans and the ecosystem. Using Cola nitida (CN) leaves extract, Taguchi optimization method was successfully applied to achieve the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (CN–Fe2O3NPs). Textural properties, nature of surface functional groups, crystalline structure and surface morphology of CN–Fe2O3NPs were studied. The performance of CN–Fe2O3NPs was tested for methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) removal from textile wastewater. The optimal surface area of 125.31 m2/g was achieved for the CN–Fe2O3NPs using the CN extract volume (10 mL), precursor concentration (2 M), contact time (30 min) and calcination temperature (600 °C). Overall, calcination temperature had the highest effect than other synthesis parameters. The characterization revealed the presence of crystalline hematite with Fe–O, Fe–O–Fe functional groups and a regular-shaped porous material. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of 530.406 and 527.835 mg/g was obtained for MB and MO within 60 min using a nanoadsorbent dosage (25 mg/L), initial dye concentration (100 mg/L) and temperature (50 °C). The reusability and stability of the CN–Fe2O3NPs revealed successful reuse after six cycles without any damage to the structure as was corroborated by the fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The experimental data were suitably fitted by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models denoting a chemisorption and monolayer nature of the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters indicate an endothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. Hence, the high separation effectiveness against the dye molecules with good performance and stability indicate the great potential for the green synthesized CN–Fe2O3NPs in water purification. 

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by Taguchi design of experiment method for effective adsorption of methylene blue and methyl orange from textile wastewater

The increased discharge of water pollutants drives the development of new and effective wastewater remediation methods. Herein, a magnetic nanocomposite of chitosan-graphene oxide (GO) decorated with copper ferrite (MCSGO) was synthesized under ultrasound agitation and applied to the effective removal of Safranin O (SAF) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes from wastewater. The structural, magnetic, and physicochemical features of the as-prepared MCSGO nanocomposite have been thoroughly investigated using various characterization techniques. The operational parameters such as MCSGO mass, contact time, pH, and initial dye concentration were investigated. The effects of diverse coexisting species on both dye elimination processes were examined. The experimental results demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of MCSGO nanocomposite for IC and SAF was 112.6 and 66.15 mg g−1, respectively. Five different adsorption isotherms were investigated using two-parameter (Langmuir, Tekman, and Freundlich) and three-parameter (Sips, and Redlich–Peterson) models. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the elimination of both dyes on MCSGO nanocomposite was endothermic and spontaneous, with anionic and cationic dye molecules randomly arranged onto the adsorbent nanoparticles. Moreover, the mechanism of dye elimination was deduced. Furthermore, even after five cycles of adsorption and desorption, the as-prepared nanocomposite showed no significant loss in the dye removal efficiency, indicating that it has superior stability and recycling potential.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2023/ra/d2ra07883j

Synthesis, characterization and application of chitosan/graphene oxide/copper ferrite nanocomposite for the adsorptive removal of anionic and cationic dyes from wastewater

In recent decades, problems related to fresh water has become a very important issue for humans. Small-scale desalination (SSD) systems, besides large-scale desalination (LSD) systems, fulfil an important role in meeting freshwater demand by eliminating the cost of transmission and have the advantage of treating water on-site. In this study, for the first time, a comprehensive review of previous studies has been carried out on SSD systems (less than 25 m3/d water production). These systems are powered using renewable, non-renewable or hybrid sources of energy, incorporating different treatment technologies such as: reverse osmosis (RO); electro dialysis (ED); capacitive deionization (CDI); membrane desalination (MD); humidification–dehumidification processes (HDH); multi-effect desalination (MED); and hybrid technologies, including a combination of RO-UF, RO-ED and RO-MED. The advantages and drawbacks of the systems that operate using fossil fuels and renewable energy (RE) systems have been studied, considering membrane, evaporation and salinity features. Among these, solar-based desalination systems are the most popular. Accordingly, numerous studies on RO, ED, MD, HDH and MED technologies for solar-SSD systems have been compared in terms of their freshwater productivity, energy consumption and cost of produced water. Attention has also been paid to SSD systems powered via wind, geothermal, tidal and hybrid energies. It has been determined that the RO system holds the largest market share in both non-renewable (25 %) and renewable energy (40 %) systems. In addition, a comparison of low-cost SSD and LSD systems shows that SSD systems are economically competitive with LSD systems. The outlook for the future shows that the use of SSD systems powered using non-renewable energy is likely to decrease, except in areas where energy costs are very low. In addition, the use of solar-SSD systems is likely to increase, where systems that operate solely on wind or geothermal energy will be replaced by hybrid renewable energy systems. 

Small scale desalination technologies: A comprehensive review

/pdf/microwave-assisted-synthesis-of-carbon-nanotubes-for-the-2wsrc5r9.pdf

Microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon nanotubes for the removal of toxic cationic dyes from textile wastewater

A comprehensive review of microbial desalination cells for present and future challenges

Nickel is a metal electroplated on a wide variety of articles both ferrous and nonferrous. Small articles which are difficult to jig are frequently plated by barrel plating technique. In conventional barrel plating the parts to be plated are contacted by either a rod, dangler or metallic wall as they rotate inside the barrel. A modified barrel design has been effected by changing the dangler contact with uniformly distributed contact tips at varying points on the periphery of the barrel. A modification in anode positioning is also made. Improvement in thickness uniformity brought about by use of this modified design are reported in this paper.

Electroplating of Nickel Using a Modified Barrel Design

Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Microstructural Evolution, Phase Transformation, and Mechanical Properties of Niti Based Shape Memory Alloy

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Microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon nanotubes for the removal of toxic cationic dyes from textile wastewater

A comprehensive review of microbial desalination cells for present and future challenges

Electroplating of Nickel Using a Modified Barrel Design

Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Microstructural Evolution, Phase Transformation, and Mechanical Properties of Niti Based Shape Memory Alloy