Application of spinel ferrite nanoparticles in water and wastewater treatment: A review

Fractures of the clavicle

Complications related to infectious diseases have significantly decreased due to the availability and use of a wide variety of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. However, excessive use of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents over years has increased the number of drug resistant pathogens. Microbial multidrug resistance poses serious risks and consequently research attention has refocused on finding alternatives for antimicrobial treatment. Among the various approaches, the use of engineered nanostructures is currently the most promising strategy to overcome microbial drug resistance by improving the remedial efficiency due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and their intrinsic or chemically incorporated antibacterial activity. Graphene, a two-dimensional ultra-thin nanomaterial, possesses excellent biocompatibility, putting it in the forefront for different applications in biosensing, drug delivery, biomedical device development, diagnostics and therapeutics. Graphene-based nanostructures also hold great promise for combating microbial infections. Yet, several questions remain unanswered such as the mechanism of action with the microbial entities, the importance of size and chemical composition in the inhibition of bacterial proliferation and adhesion, cytotoxicity, and other issues when considering future clinical implementation. This review summarizes the current efforts in the formulation of graphene-based nanocomposites with antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities as new tools to tackle the current challenges in fighting against bacterial targets. Furthermore, the review describes the features of graphene–bacterial interactions, with the hope to shed light on the range of possible mode of actions, serving the goal to develop a better understanding of the antibacterial capabilities of graphene-based nanostructures.

/pdf/antibacterial-activity-of-graphene-based-materials-3vup9mb8ry.pdf

Antibacterial activity of graphene-based materials

Nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, nanorods, nanosphere, nanoshells, and nanostars, are very commonly used in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy. They make excellent drug carriers, imaging contrast agents, photothermal agents, photoacoustic agents, and radiation dose enhancers, among other applications. Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the use of nanomaterials in many areas of functional imaging, cancer therapy, and synergistic combinational platforms. This review will systematically explore various applications of nanomaterials in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy. The medical imaging modalities include magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computerized tomography, optical imaging, ultrasound, and photoacoustic imaging. Various cancer therapeutic methods will also be included, including photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. This review also covers theranostics, which use the same agent in diagnosis and therapy. This includes recent advances in multimodality imaging, image-guided therapy, and combination therapy. We found that the continuous advances of synthesis and design of novel nanomaterials will enhance the future development of medical imaging and cancer therapy. However, more resources should be available to examine side effects and cell toxicity when using nanomaterials in humans.

/pdf/application-of-nanomaterials-in-biomedical-imaging-and-46iiw39o6f.pdf

Application of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy.

Graphene materials have unique structures and outstanding thermal, optical, mechanical and electronic properties. In the last decade, these materials have attracted substantial interest in the field of nanomaterials, with applications ranging from biosensors to biomedicine. Among these applications, great advances have been made in the field of antibacterial agents. Here, recent advancements in the use of graphene and its derivatives as antibacterial agents are reviewed. Graphene is used in three forms: the pristine form; mixed with other antibacterial agents, such as Ag and chitosan; or with a base material, such as poly (N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The main mechanisms proposed to explain the antibacterial behaviors of graphene and its derivatives are the membrane stress hypothesis, the oxidative stress hypothesis, the entrapment hypothesis, the electron transfer hypothesis and the photothermal hypothesis. This review describes contributions to improving these promising materials for antibacterial applications.

The Antibacterial Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives.

The preeminent treatments for neurodegenerative disease are often unavailable due to the poor accessibility of therapeutic drugs. Moreover, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively blocks the transfer of cells, particles and large molecules, ie, drugs, across the brain. The most important challenge in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is the development of targeted drug delivery system. Theranostic strategies are known to combine therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities together. The aim of this review was to record the response to treatment and thereby improve drug safety. Nanotechnology offers a platform for designing and developing theranostic agents that can be used as an efficient nano-carrier system. This is achieved by the manipulation of some of the properties of nanoparticles (NPs), thereby enabling the attachment of suitable drugs onto their surface. The results provide revolutionary treatments by stimulation and thus interaction with targeted sites to promote physiological response with minimum side effects. This review is a brief discussion of the administration of drugs across the brain and the advantages of using NPs as an effective theranostic platform in the treatment of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy and Huntington's disease.

/pdf/theranostic-applications-of-nanoparticles-in-18xl02y8l4.pdf

Theranostic applications of nanoparticles in neurodegenerative disorders.

Silver is known to have inhibitory and bactericidal effects. In the present work, we have devised a facile method for the synthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using water-soluble plant extract of cinnamon as a green reducing and capping agent. The formation of Ag NPs was confirmed by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption at 430 nm in the UV-vis spectra. Different nanocomposites of graphene oxide (GO) with both Ag and iron oxide (IO) NPs exhibiting both antimicrobial and magnetic properties were prepared and characterized by UV-vis absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopies, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sizes of Ag and IO NPs on the GO sheet as determined from the TEM images were 20 and 5 nm, respectively. The antibacterial effects of Ag NPs and [GO + IO + Ag] nanocomposites towards both Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus were compared. The Ag NPs are mainly responsible for the antibacterial effects, although GO and IO NPs also possess antibacterial properties. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for both Ag NPs and nanocomposites against E. coli and S. aureus were 0.025 mg ml−1 and 0.05 mg ml−1, respectively. We have also demonstrated that [GO + IO + Ag] nanocomposites are bifunctional (antibacterial and magnetic) and can be harvested with a magnet.

Synthesis of antibacterial and magnetic nanocomposites by decorating graphene oxide surface with metal nanoparticles

Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to prospective analysis of functional and radiological outcome in precontoured locking plate fixation for displaced lateral end of clavicle fractures in terms of union, complications and functional outcome. Materials and methods: In this prospective study 20 patients (15 male, 5 female) with a displaced lateral end of clavicle fractures (Neer type II) were evaluated with a mean follow –up of 11 months. Analysis included functional and subjective outcome, radiological outcome and complications. Results: All patients achieved radiological union within 9–13 weeks (mean 11.35 weeks). Full range of motion achieved in most cases within 6 weeks. The mean UCLA score was 31.55 (range 27–35). At final follow-up radiographs showed mean coracoclavicular distance of 8.6mm (range from 7.4mm to 10.6mm) on the affected shoulder and 8.27mm (range from 7.4mm to 10.7mm) on the unaffected shoulder. No major complications were encountered intraoperatively. Three patients had postoperative complications: one patient required plate removal, because of a deep infection, one superficial infection treated with oral antibiotics alone, shoulder stiffness one case because of an improper physiotherapy. Conclusions: In this study, use of the precontoured locking plate yielded excellent results in the treatment of this difficult fracture. In particular, patients acquired full range of motion within 6 weeks, reflecting the stability of the osteosynthesis achieved with this implant.

https://www.orthopaper.com/archives/2017/vol3issue2/PartB/3-1-74-700.pdf

A study on functional and radiological outcome in precontoured locking plate fixation for displaced lateral end of clavicle fractures

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Theranostic applications of nanoparticles in neurodegenerative disorders.

Synthesis of antibacterial and magnetic nanocomposites by decorating graphene oxide surface with metal nanoparticles

A study on functional and radiological outcome in precontoured locking plate fixation for displaced lateral end of clavicle fractures