The unique plasma-specific features and physical phenomena in the organization of nanoscale soild-state systems in a broad range of elemental composition, structure, and dimensionality are critically reviewed. These effects lead to the possibility to localize and control energy and matter at nanoscales and to produce self-organized nano-solids with highly unusual and superior properties. A unifying conceptual framework based on the control of production, transport, and self-organization of precursor species is introduced and a variety of plasma-specific non-equilibrium and kinetics-driven phenomena across the many temporal and spatial scales is explained. When the plasma is localized to micrometer and nanometer dimensions, new emergent phenomena arise. The examples range from semiconducting quantum dots and nanowires, chirality control of single-walled carbon nanotubes, ultra-fine manipulation of graphenes, nano-diamond, and organic matter to nano-plasma effects and nano-plasmas of different states of matter.

Plasma nanoscience: from nano-solids in plasmas to nano-plasmas in solids

The unique plasma-specific features and physical phenomena in the organization of nanoscale solid-state systems in a broad range of elemental composition, structure, and dimensionality are critically reviewed. These effects lead to the possibility to localize and control energy and matter at nanoscales and to produce self-organized nano-solids with highly unusual and superior properties. A unifying conceptual framework based on the control of production, transport, and self-organization of precursor species is introduced and a variety of plasma-specific non-equilibrium and kinetics-driven phenomena across the many temporal and spatial scales is explained. When the plasma is localized to micrometer and nanometer dimensions, new emergent phenomena arise. The examples range from semiconducting quantum dots and nanowires, chirality control of single-walled carbon nanotubes, ultra-fine manipulation of graphenes, nano-diamond, and organic matter, to nano-plasma effects and nano-plasmas of different states of matter.

Plasma Nanoscience: from Nano-Solids in Plasmas to Nano-Plasmas in Solids

This review aims mainly to disencumber the proper heuristic functions of the model from such misconceptions, avoidable in the light of the classic papers by Block (1933), Jensen (1937) and Samoilovich (1945). The boundary conditions and linearised differential equations are established without cutoff; they determine the normal modes and orthogonality relations. The model is quantised through its normal modes, and the equal-time commutation rules are discussed. The equations in Fourier space are found; it is argued that a cutoff, if required, should be imposed on the Hamiltonian in this representation and before diagonalisation, and the consequences are explored. With such a cutoff, surface though not bulk modes become dispersive even when beta =0. The formalism is applied briefly to image potentials, and in more detail to the attraction between two half-spaces; the role of bulk modes (when beta >0) is stressed; the asymptotics are discussed at long and short distances.

Some surface effects in the hydrodynamic model of metals

Electron energy-loss spectroscopy: A versatile tool for the investigations of plasmonic excitations

A survey is presented of techniques and instrumentation for studying electron energy loss spectra in solids. The interpretation of these spectra in terms of plasma theory is discussed. Mean free path concepts are described. The effects of the physical state of the specimen, and of its environment (i.e., pure material, alloy, compound, etc.) are analyzed. Reproducibility of results and the effects of angular dispersion are examined. 90 references. (T.F.H.)

Characteristic energy losses of electrons in solids

Plasma oscillations in gas discharges have been known and studied for nearly thirty years. The existence of similar oscillations in metals, i.e. longitudinal oscillations of the valence electron gas, analogous to sound waves, was suggested over twenty years ago, but only recently has their full significance been realized. The Coulomb interaction of the electrons can be divided into two parts: a long-range part, whose effect is described by the plasma oscillations; and a residual `screened' interaction, whose range is about 1 A. Owing to the large excitation energy of a plasma oscillation, the long-range part can be ignored in many calculations, which explains the success of the independent particle model on which the band theory of metals is based. In the first half of this article, after a critical discussion of previous treatments of the Coulomb interaction, the elements of the plasma theory are made plausible by simple arguments. Then the quantum-mechanical theory of plasma oscillations in a free-electron gas, due to Bohm and Pines, is described, including an account of the calculation of the correlation energy. Experimental evidence of the existence of plasma oscillations, afforded by the energy losses of fast electrons in penetrating thin metallic films, is then discussed. Finally, going beyond the free-electron approximation, a semi-quantitative theory of the effects of the periodic lattice field and of the core electrons is given.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/20/1/301/pdf

The theory of plasma oscillations in metals

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The theory of plasma oscillations in metals