Tissue-Mimicking Gel Phantoms for Thermal Therapy Studies

The temperature dependence of an agar/gelatin phantom was evaluated. The purpose was to predict the material property response to high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for developing ultrasound guided dosing and targeting feedback. Changes in attenuation, sound speed, shear modulus and thermal properties with temperature were examined from 20°C to 70°C for 3 weeks post-manufacture. The attenuation decreased with temperature by a power factor of 0.15. Thermal conductivity, diffusivity and specific heat all increased linearly with temperature for a total change of approximately 16%, 10% and 6%, respectively. Sound speed had a parabolic dependence on temperature similar to that of water. Initially, the shear modulus irreversibly declined with even a slight increase in temperature. Over time, the gel maintained its room temperature shear modulus with moderate heating. A stable phantom was achieved within 2 weeks post-manufacture that possessed quasi-reversible material properties up to nearly 55°C.

Characterizing an agar/gelatin phantom for image guided dosing and feedback control of high-intensity focused ultrasound.

Purpose: The emergence of thermal modalities has promoted the use of heat-sensitive phantoms for calibration, measurement, and verification purposes. However, development of durable phantoms with h...

Reusable heat-sensitive phantom for precise estimation of thermal profile in hyperthermia application

Reusable tissue-mimicking hydrogel phantoms for focused ultrasound ablation

In this work, we characterize physical hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, as intelligent biointerfaces for surface-mediated drug delivery. Specifically, we assemble microstructured (μS) surface adhered hydrogels via noncryogenic gelation of PVA, namely polymer coagulation using sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). We present systematic investigation of concentrations of Na2SO4 as a tool of control over assembly of μS PVA hydrogels and quantify polymer losses and retention within the hydrogels. For polymer quantification, we use custom-made PVA with single terminal thiol group in a form of mixed disulfide with Ellman’s reagent which provides for a facile UV–vis assay of polymer content in coagulation baths, subsequent washes in physiological buffer, and within the hydrogel phase. Polymer coagulation using varied concentrations of sodium sulfate afforded biointerfaces with controlled elasticity for potential uses in investigating mechano-sensitive effects of mammalian cell culture. For surface mediated drug d...

Engineering surface adhered poly(vinyl alcohol) physical hydrogels as enzymatic microreactors.

The present study aims to identify a new recipe for reusable tissue mimicking phantoms that allows the optical visualization of thermal lesions produced in various applications of therapeutic ultrasound where thermal mechanisms are important. The phantom was made of polyacrylamide hydrogel containing a nonionic surface-active agent (NiSAA) as a temperature-sensitive indicator. Threshold temperature above which a thermal lesion is regarded to be formed in the phantom is controlled by selecting an NiSAA. In the present study, three NiSAAs of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether series with nominal clouding points of 66°C, 70°C, and 80°C were chosen. Test phantoms were prepared with polyacrylamide hydrogel, corn syrup and NiSAAs [5% (w/v)]. Key acoustic properties of the three NiSAA hydrogels were found to be similar to those of human liver. The phantoms were optically transparent at room temperature (25°C) and became opaque after exceeding the clouding points. The transparency was recovered on cooling, although the system demonstrated hysteresis. The phantoms were tested both in their ability to provide visualization of thermal lesions produced by high-intensity focused ultrasound and also to examine any characteristic differences in the shape of the lesions formed at different threshold temperatures. The present study suggests that the NiSAA polyacrylamide hydrogel will be of a practical use in quality assurance in various applications of therapeutic ultrasound where thermal mechanisms are important.

Reusable Ultrasonic Tissue Mimicking Hydrogels Containing Nonionic Surface-Active Agents for Visualizing Thermal Lesions

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Reusable Ultrasonic Tissue Mimicking Hydrogels Containing Nonionic Surface-Active Agents for Visualizing Thermal Lesions