Objectives: The study aim was to explore the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of Iraqi physicians regarding generic and locally manufactured medicines.
Methods: A total of 124 physicians were involved in this cross -sectional study. The convenience sample was collected from five public hospitals in Baghdad. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed and collected in-person. Fisher's Exact Test was used to measure the association between physician years of experience, gender and categorical (perception and knowledge) variables.
Results: Most respondent answers regarding the knowledge of generic medicines were incorrect. Only up to one-third of the participants knew that generic medicines are therapeutically equivalent to brand name medicines (26.6%), as safe as brand name medicines (34.7%) and required to meet similar safety standards as brand name medicines (12.1%). With respect to perception, many physicians had negative perceptions about generic medicines such as viewing generic medicines as lower quality (57.3%) and cause more side effects (41.1%) compared to brand name medicines. Regarding physician attitudes toward generic medicines, about two-thirds (64.5%) of the physicians were willing to prescribe low cost medicines; however, only about half (51.6%) of the physicians reported they offer generic medicines to their patients. Finally, 64.5% of the participants were not comfortable with pharmacist replacing prescribed brand with generic medicines.
Conclusions: In general, Iraqi physicians have negative perceptions and attitudes about generic and locally manufactured medicines. Significant gaps were identified in the knowledge and perceptions among physicians regarding generic medicines especially in relation to efficacy and safety of generic medicines.
 
Article Type: Original Research

/pdf/knowledge-perception-and-attitude-regarding-generic-2vus3qf9wp.pdf

Knowledge, Perception and Attitude Regarding Generic Medicines among Iraqi Physicians.

For the purposes of drug approval, the interchangeability of a generic drug and the corresponding brand-name drug is based on the criterion of “essential similarity,” in drug content, type of active principle and therapeutic effectiveness as the original drug. Simple, accurate, precise, sensitive UV and Visible spectrophotometric methods were used to compare drug content in generic drugs with their branded equivalents. Simvastatin, furosemide, Clopidogrel bisulphate, Losartan potassium and paracetemol were estimated for their drug content in generic and branded dosage forms. The amount of difference was expected and acceptable and the difference between generic to branded comparison was about the same as the brand to brand comparisons.

Comparing branded drugs to their generic equivalent s by spectrophotometric methods

This study aimed to determine the most effective combination of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and biofertilizers for enhancing the growth, yield, and quality of eggplants (Solanum melongena). A randomized block design with ten treatments was employed, incorporating various biofertilizers (Trichoderma harzanium, Azotobacter, and Rhizobacter) and INM components (vermicompost, farmyard manure, and poultry manure).The treatment combinations were  T1 (100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer - RDF), T2 (75% RDF + 25% Vermicompost + Azotobacter), T3 (50% RDF + 50% Vermicompost + Azotobacter), T4 (25% RDF + 75% Vermicompost + Azotobacter), T5 (75% RDF + 25% FYM + Trichoderma harzanium), T6 (50% RDF + 50% FYM + Trichoderma harzanium), T7 (25% RDF + 75% FYM + Trichoderma harzanium), T8 (75% RDF + 25% Poultry manure + Rhizobium), T9 (50% RDF + 50% Poultry manure + Rhizobium), and T10 (25% RDF + 75% Poultry manure + Rhizobium). The findings revealed that T1 exhibited the best performance in terms of growth parameters, while T10 demonstrated the highest yield. Regarding quality, T7 exhibited the most favourable outcomes. These results suggest that the appropriate combination of biofertilizers and INM components can significantly impact the growth, yield, and quality of egg plants. The significance and implications of these findings lie in their potential to enhance eggplant production through sustainable agricultural practices.

/pdf/effect-of-inm-and-biofertilizers-on-growth-yield-and-quality-1n1m05o5.pdf

Effect of INM and Biofertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Eggplant (Solanum melogena)

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Comparing branded drugs to their generic equivalent s by spectrophotometric methods

Effect of INM and Biofertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Eggplant (Solanum melogena)