Problems of Platyrhine Taxonomy and Distribution. Molecules, Morphology and Platyrrhine Systematics H. Schneider, A.L. Rosenberger. Primates of the Atlantic Forest: Origin, Distributions, Endemism and Communities A. Rylands, et al. Evolutionary Perspectives on the Marmosets and Tamarins (Saguinus, Callithrix, Cebuella, Leontopithecus, Callimico). P.A Garber, A.L. Rosenberger. The Other Side of Callitrichid Gummivory: Digestibility and Nutritional Value M.L. Power. Locomotion of Golden Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus Rosalia): The Effects of Foraging Adaptations and Substrate Characteristics on Locomotor Behavior B. Stafford, et al. Update on Cebine Evolution (Cebus, Saimiri). L. Fedigan, et al. Species Definition and Differentiation as Seen in the Postcranial Skeleton of Cebus S. Ford, D.M. Hobbs. New Perspectives on the Pithecines (Pithecia, Cacajao, Chiropotes, Callicebus, Aotus). A.L. Rosenberger, M.A. Norconk. The Evolution of Positional Behavior in the Saki-Uakaris (Pithecia, Chiropotes, and Cacajao) S.E. Walker. Rethinking Ateline Evolution (Alouatta, Ateles, Brachyteles, Lagothrix). W.C. Hartwig, et al. Dental Microwear and Diet in a Wild Population of Mantled Howling Monkeys (Alouatta palliata) M. Teaford, K. Glander. 21 Additional Articles. Index.

Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates

A number of factors, including sexual selection, body weight, body-weight dimorphism, predation, diet, and phylogenetic inertia have been proposed as influences on the evolution of canine dimorphism in anthropoid primates. Although these factors are not mutually exclusive, opinions vary as to which is the most important. The role of sexual selection has been questioned because mating system, which should reflect its strength, poorly predicts variation in canine dimorphism, particularly among polygynous species. Kay et al. (1988) demonstrate that a more refined estimate of intermale competition explains a large proportion of the variation in canine dimorphism in platyrrhine primates. We expand their analysis, developing a more generalized measure of intermale competition based on the frequency and intensity of male-male agonism. We examine the relative influences of predation (inferred by substrate use), female body weight, body-weight dimorphism, diet, and sexual selection on the evolution of anthropoid canine dimorphism. Intermale competition is very strongly associated with canine dimorphism. Predation also has a marked effect on canine dimorphism, in that savanna-dwelling species consistently show greater canine dimorphism than other species, all other factors being held equal. Body-weight dimorphism is also strongly associated with canine dimorphism, though apparently through a common selective basis, rather than through allometric effects. Body weight seems to play only a minor, indirect role in the evolution of canine dimorphism. Diet plays no role. Likewise, we find little evidence that phylogenetic inertia is a constraint on the evolution of canine dimorphism.

Intrasexual competition and canine dimorphism in anthropoid primates.

Two subpopulations of blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), located 10 km apart, were studied in Kibale Forest, Uganda, for most of a 6—yr period (1978—1984). This study was undertaken (1) to assess and evaluate the major differences in the environment and in the behavioral ecology of blue monkeys living at high and low densities and (2) to explain the differences in blue monkey densities in the two study sites. Methods included the enumeration of trees and primates, and assessments of the availability of fruits and of diets, time budgets, ranging patterns, and demographics of blue monkeys. There was a 10—fold difference in blue monkey densities between the two subpopulations. Major differences were found in the ecology, behavior, demography, and habitats of blue monkeys living at these two densities. Compared to the high—density subpopulation, the low—density subpopulation exhibited shorter tenure lengths for resident males, a greater density of nonresident males, a higher rate of group intrusions by nonresident males, a higher incidence of infanticide by new resident males, hybridization between blue monkeys and redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius),fewer adult females per adult male, and lower resident male reproductive success. From these observations I conclude that male—male competition for females was more intense where blue monkey densities were low. Predictor variables of food production and food competition indicate that more food was available for the low—density than for the high—density subpopulation of blue monkeys. The habitat containing the low—density subpopulation had a higher tree density and basal cover, greater tree species richness and diversity, and more fruit left uneaten. It also had a lower overall primate density, which, together with assessments of the kinds of foods eaten, dietary overlap and richness, foraging behavior, and home range size, suggests that intra— and interspecific competition for food both were less in the low—density subpopulation. Further evidence that food was more available for the low—density subpopulation is that both the birth rate and the population growth rate of blue monkeys were higher there than in the high—density subpopulations. The low—density subpopulation was apparently below carrying capacity and increasing in a food—rich habitat. In contrast, the high—density subpopulation appeared to be at carrying capacity, stable, and food limited. Therefore, contrary to what was hypothesized, the availability of food does not explain why blue monkey densities differed on these two areas. On this basis I attribute the low density of the one subpopulation to some unknown historical event rather than to current ecological differences between areas. I suggest that, during this study, the low—density subpopulation was recovering from a decline and that the responsible mechanism (e.g., disease) was no longer operating. This paper emphasizes: (1) the considerable variability found in the ecology and behavior of primates–even within one species in the same forest; (2) the need for long—term comparative studies of free—living primates, especially those at low densities; (3) the importance of investigating the density of primate populations relative to the carrying capacities of their environments, and the influence of this relationship on behavior and ecology.

Comparative Ecology of Blue Monkeys (Cercopithecus Mitis) in High- and Low-Density Subpopulations

List of Contributors. Preface. Part I: Evolutionary Biology and Biogeography. 1. The Guenons: An Overview of Taxonomy and Diversity T.M. Butynski. 2. Y-chromosomal Window onto the History of Terrestrial Adaptation in the Cercopithecini A.J. Tosi, et al. 3. Molecular Timescale and Gene Tree Incongruence in the Guenons T. Disotell, R. Raaum. 4. Phylogeny of the Cercopithecus lhoesti Group Revisited: Combining Multiple Character sets J.-P. Gautier, et al. 5. Terrestriality and the Maintenance of the Disjunct Geographical Distribution in the lhoesti group B. Kaplin. 6. A Biogeographical Analysis of Central African Guenons M. Colyn, P. Deleporte. 7. Hybridization Between Red-tailed Monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) and Blue Monkeys (C. mitis) in East African forests K. Detwiler. 8. Genetic Study of Translocated Guenons: Cercopithecus mona on Grenada K.A. Horsburgh, et al. Part II: Behavior. 9. Diversity of Guenon Positional Behavior W.S. McGraw. 10. Unique Behavior of Mona Monkeys, Cercopithecus mona: All-male Groups and Copulation Calls M.E. Glenn, et al. 11. Group Fission in Red-tailed Guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius) in the Kibale National Park, Uganda T. Windfelder, J.S. Lwanga. 12. Interindividual Proximity and Surveillance of Associates in Comparative Perspective A. Treves, P. Baguma. 13. Why Vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) Live in Multi-male Groups L.A. Isbell, et al. 14. When are There Influxes in Blue Monkey Groups? M. Cords. 15. Costs and Benefits of Alternative Mating Strategies in Samango Monkey Males M.C. Macleod, et al. 16. Female Reproductive Endocrinology in Wild Blue Monkeys: a Preliminary Assessment and Discussion of Potential Adaptive Functions K. Pazol, et al. 17. Grooming and Social Cohesion in Patas Monkeys and Other Female-bonded Guenons J. Chism, W. Rogers. 18. Development of Mother-infant Relationships and Infant Behavior in Wild Blue Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) S. Forster, M. Cords. 19. Influence of Foraging Adaptations on Play Activity in Red-tailed and Blue Monkeys with Comparisons to Colobus Monkey E.A. Worch. 20. Effects of Natural and Sexual Selection on the Evolution of Guenon Loud Calls K. Zuberbuhler. Part III: Ecology. 21. Resource Switching in Guenons: a Community Analysis of Dietary Flexiblity J. Lambert. 22. Variation in the Diet of Cercopithecus species: Differences Within Forests, Among Forests and Across Species C.A. Chapman, et al. 23. Diet of the Roloway Monkey, Cercopithecus diana roloway, in Bia National Park, Ghana S. Hunt Curtin. Part IV: Conservation. 24. Conservation of Fragmented Populations of Cercopithecus mitis in South Africa: the Role of Reintroduction, Corridors and Metapopulation Ecology M.J. Lawes. 25. Assessing Extinction Risk in Cercopithecus monkeys T. Ukizintambara, C. Thebaud. 26. Conservation of the Guenons: An Overview of Status, Threats, and Recommendations T.M. Butynski. Editors' Conclusion. Literature Cited. Index.

The Guenons: Diversity and Adaptation in African Monkeys

Male mammals often kill conspecific offspring. The benefits of such infanticide to males, and its costs to females, probably vary across mammalian social and mating systems. We used comparative analyses to show that infanticide primarily evolves in social mammals in which reproduction is monopolized by a minority of males. It has not promoted social counterstrategies such as female gregariousness, pair living, or changes in group size and sex ratio, but is successfully prevented by female sexual promiscuity, a paternity dilution strategy. These findings indicate that infanticide is a consequence, rather than a cause, of contrasts in mammalian social systems affecting the intensity of sexual conflict.

/pdf/the-evolution-of-infanticide-by-males-in-mammalian-societies-3lnavzw50a.pdf

The evolution of infanticide by males in mammalian societies

We compared the gastrointestinal parasites of the baboon,Papio cynocephalus ursinus, living in montane (altitude, >1800 m) and coastal lowland (altitude, 100–200 m) habitats in Natal, South Africa, using fecal analysis. While the montane animals harbored a smaller number of species, helminth egg-output rates were higher in them than in the lowland animals. The decrease in parasite diversity with increasing altitude was expected, but the difference in helminth egg output was not. It may be due to a combination of food shortage, which characterizes the montane environment, especially at the end of winter, and the high proportion of soil-contaminated items in the diets of the montane animals.

Environmental correlates of gastrointestinal parasitism in montane and lowland baboons in Natal, South Africa

The samango monkey occurs at the southern limit of the range of Cercopithecus mitis. Greater climatic seasonality at this latitude results in more predictable fruiting patterns. In addition, there are no diurnal sympatric primate frugivores. Under these conditions, the diet and feeding strategies of samango monkeys would be expected to differ notably from those of central or east African C. mitis subspecies. Contrary to these expectations, the preliminary observations reported here indicate that diets of samango and blue monkeys differ only superficially in the proportions of items eaten. Similarities in feeding behaviour are especially marked during the dry season period when fruit is not abundant. Both samango and blue monkeys tend to be less selective in their choice of food species and to eat available food species regardless of their energy content; a shift toward less nutritious items such as leaves is also noted. Feeding behaviour during the summer wet season is characterized by the selection of fruits with high-energy values. A high proportion of visits by the monkeys to areas of greater food availability suggests a concentration of feeding effort in food patches and the selection of higher energy food species within patches.

Diet and feeding behaviour of samango monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis labiatus) in Ngoye Forest, South Africa.

Observations on a habituated troop of samango monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis)revealed that lone males did not achieve significant mating opportunities during a breeding season in which few females were sexually receptive. This stood in contrast to the previous year and was associated with the maintenance of shorter resident male-female distances, confirming suggestions that the reproductive benefits of residency are associated primarily with low numbers of simultaneously receptive females. At the same time, lone males made no attempt to challenge the resident male physically in order to gain access to females. Given the presence of a stable bachelor group and the absence of other, transient, males, these data are used to argue for male mating strategies that are sensitive to regional and temporal variability in the availability of receptive females.

Strategic responses of male samango monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) to a decline in the number of receptive females

Twenty-seven troops were counted during a 1989 census of the mountain baboon population at Giants Castle Game Reserve. In contrast to earlier findings, and despite a similar population structure, we found no relationship between group size and altitude. We argue that this is a consequence of long-term population processes whereby groups split as they grow larger and, in some cases, as their home ranges expand upward. At these high altitudes, smaller groups are eventually subjected to environmental conditions that destroy them. We propose that the high-altitude slopes act as a demographic sink.

The relationship between altitude and group size in mountain baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus)

Many males do not a multimale troop make.

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