In order to study the effect of planting methods and integrated nutrient management in rice. A field experiments was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (Utter Pradesh) during Kharif 2014. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. The treatment consisted of four planting methods (S1- transplanting, S2-SRI, S3- drum seeded and S4- direct seeded) and three integrated nutrient management (F1- 100% NPK, F2- 75% NPK+25% FYM and F3- 50% NPK+ 50% FYM) in this way there were 12 treatment combinations. The values of growth contributing characters viz. plant height (cm), number of tillers m-2, dry matter accumulation (g m-2), leaf area index, and yield attributes like number of panicles m-2, length of panicle (cm), number of panicle-1, grain weight panicle-1, test weight (g), grain and straw yield (q ha-1) and nutrient uptake of rice were increasing significantly with SRI method (S2) followed by transplanting method (S1) and significantly superior over rest of the treatments. In case of integrated nutrient management the growth characters like plant height (cm), number of tillers m-2, dry matter accumulation (g), LAI, yield attributesâ€™ number of panicle m-2, length of panicle, grain weight panicle-1,test weight (g), nutrient uptake, grain and straw yield (q ha-1) of rice were maximum under F2 (75% NPK+25% FYM) which was at par with F1 100% NPK during course of investigation. The maximum gross return and net return were noted under SRI with 75% NPK+25% FYM (S2F2) application. The highest benefit cost ratio (2.47) were recorded with SRI method with 100% NPK treatment (S2F1) followed by SRI with 75%NPK+25% FYM (S2F2) they proved more remunerative then other treatment combinations.

https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue2/PartH/7-1-353-238.pdf

Effect of planting methods and integrated nutrient management on growth parameters, yield and economics of rice

Rice is the major staple food crop in the North Eastern Region of India (26.2 million hectare geographical area) and the region has a deficit of 1.40 million tones of rice, mainly due to low productivity (1.72 t ha−1). Field experiments were conducted for the first time to evaluate the new techniques of rice cultivation, viz. the system of rice intensification (SRI) and integrated crop management (ICM) along with conventional rice culture (CRC) for improving productivity, water and energy use efficiency during the rainy seasons of 2004–07 at the ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (950 m msl), India. Three stand establishment methods, viz. SRI, ICM and CRC in main plots, and five nutrient management practices, viz. recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF = 80:26:33 kg NPK ha−1), farmyard manure (FYM) 10 t ha−1, RDF + FYM 5 t ha−1, 50% RDF + FYM 10 t ha−1, and a control (no fertilizer and manure) in sub-plots, were tested in a split-plot design; only few meaningful interactions were found. Results showed a higher number of panicles per square metre under CRC and ICM compared with SRI. However, the number of panicles per hill, grains per panicle and the test weight remained higher in the SRI method. In terms of mean grain yield, ICM (4.86 t ha−1) and SRI (4.72 t ha) produced 12.8 and 9.6%, respectively, higher grain yield over CRC (4.3 t ha−1). Among the nutrient management practices, the application of RDF + FYM 5 t ha−1 (5.0 t ha−1) and 50% RDF + FYM 10 t ha−1 (4.87 t ha−1) not only produced higher grain yield of rice (23.8 and 20.5%, respectively, higher yield over control) but also maintained higher soil available N, P and organic carbon at harvest compared with other nutrient management practices. Photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher under SRI, whereas the transpiration rate was higher under CRC. The ICM method recorded maximum net return and energy output to input ratio, which was followed by SRI and CRC. Therefore, the ICM method of rice cultivation would be the preferred option for the sub-tropical mid-hills of eastern Indian Himalayas.

/pdf/improving-productivity-water-and-energy-use-efficiency-in-408vjbxjmz.pdf

Improving productivity, water and energy use efficiency in lowland rice ( oryza sativa ) through appropriate establishment methods and nutrient management practices in the mid-altitude of north-east india

of THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy in Agronomy Submitted by Akhilesh Vishwakarma Supervisor Co-Supervisor Dr. Jainendra Kumar Singh Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh Associate Professor Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY VARANASI 221 005 UTTAR PRADESH INDIA I.D. No. PA-11002 2015 Enrolment No. 341385 Copyright @ Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India (2015), All rights reserved. UNDERTAKING OF THE CANDIDATE I, Akhilesh Vishwakarma, research scholar under the supervision of Dr. J. K. Singh, Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, give undertaking that the thesis entitled “Effect of date of transplanting and age of seedling on growth, yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids under system of rice intensification” submitted by me for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is a record of first hand research work done by me during the period of study. I avail myself to responsibility such as an act will be taken on behalf of me, mistakes, errors of fact and misinterpretation are of course entirely my own. Date: .......... Place: Varanasi (Akhilesh Vishwakarma) Annexure – E [See clause XIII.2 (b) (iii)] CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I, Akhilesh Vishwakarma, certify that the work embodied in this Ph. D. thesis is my own bonafide work carried out by me under the supervision of Dr. J. K. Singh, Associate Professor, for a period of 21 October, 2011 to July, 2015 at Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.). The matter embodied in this Ph.D. thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma. I declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given credit to and referred to the research workers wherever their works have been cited in the text and the body of the thesis. I further certify that I have not wilfully lifted up some other’s work, Para, text, data, results, etc, reported in the journals, books, magazines, reports, dissertations, thesis, etc., or available at websites and included them in this Ph.D. thesis and cited as my own work. Date: Place: Varanasi (Akhilesh Vishwakarma) CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISOR This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. Supervisor’s signature (J.K. Singh) Associate Professor Co-Supervisor’s signature (Rajesh Kumar Singh) Assistant Professor (Signature of the Head of the Department with seal) Annexure – F [See clause XIII.1 (c) and XIII.2 (b) (iv)] COURSE WORK COMPLETION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Akhilesh Vishwakarma, a bonafide research scholar of the Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, has successfully completed the course work requirement which is a part of his Ph.D. programme. Date: .......... Place: Varanasi (Signature of the Head of the Department) Annexure – F [See clause XIII.1 (c) and XIII.2 (b) (iv)] COMPREHENSIVE WRITTEN EXAMINATION AS WELL AS COMPREHENSIVE ORAL COMPLETION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Akhilesh Vishwakarma, a bonafide research scholar of the Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, has successfully completed the comprehensive written examination as well as comprehensive oral which are a part of his Ph. D. programme. Date: .......... Place: Varanasi (Signature of the Head of the Department) Annexure – F [See clause XIII.1 (c) and XIII.2 (b) (iv)] PRE-SUBMISSION SEMINAR COMPLETION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Akhilesh Vishwakarma, a bonafide research scholar of the Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, has successfully completed the Pre-submission Seminar requirement on the topic “Effect of date of transplanting and age of seedling on growth, yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids under system of rice intensification” held on 11.05.2015 at 04:00 P.M. which is part of his Ph. D. programme. Date: .......... Place: Varanasi (Signature of the Head of the Department) Annexure – G [See clause XIII.2 (b) (v)] COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE Title of the thesis : “Effect of date of transplanting and age of seedling on growth, yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids under system of rice intensification” Candidate’s Name : Akhilesh Vishwakarma

EFFECT OF DATE OF TRANSPLANTING AND AGE OF SEEDLING ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) HYBRIDS UNDER SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2008 and 2009 at Varanasi, to evaluate the effect of seedlings age and plant spacing on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under system of rice intensification (SRI). Sixteen treatments were laid out in a split-plot design, keeping combinations of 2 genotypes (‘PHB 71’ and ‘NDR 359’) and 2 spacings (25 cm × 25 cm and 30 cm × 30 cm) in mainplots and 4 seedlings age (8, 10, 12 and 14 days old) in sub-plots with 3 replications. The rice hybrid ‘PHB 71’ showed significantly higher growth, yield attributes and 12.6% higher yield than ‘NDR 359’. This hybrid also gave the highest net monetary returns ( 46,700/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.56). Wider spacing i.e. 30 cm × 30 cm gave significantly more tillers/hill (22.7), panicles/hill (21.9) and grains/panicle (168.1) than other spacing. However, plant height (116 cm), leaf-area index (5.0), net monetary returns and yield were significantly higher in closer spacing of 25 cm × 25 cm. The closer spacing resulted in around 12.30% higher grain yield over wider spacing. Amongst the ages of seedlings, 10 days old seedlings resulted in significantly higher growth, yield attributes, net monetary returns and yield than 8 and 14 days old seedlings but remained at par with 12 days old seedlings. The 10 days old seedlings gave 12.8 and 17.6% more grain yield than 8 and 14 days old seedlings, respectively.

Effect of seedlings age and plant spacing on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes under system of rice intensification

To evaluate the performance of new rice establishment methods viz., system of rice intensification (SRI) and integrated crop management (ICM), a field study was conducted during 2008–11 in South Garo Hills, Meghalaya, foot hills of Eastern Himalayas, India. Field demonstrations were undertaken during wet seasons of 2008–11 and socio-economic information in the context of farmer’s realities were obtained during 2010–11 using a well structured questionnaire administered to 134 farmers. The results indicated that the average higher productivity of rice under SRI and ICM demonstration was 209.9 and 185.4 %, respectively, over conventional rice culture (CRC). The SRI and ICM methods of rice cultivation could save seeds (97.56 and 60.98 %), saving water (78.05 and 63.66 %), reduce cost (70.33 %), higher yield etc. compared to CRC. The main reasons for non-adoption of SRI/ICM was related to involvement of more efforts, faith towards traditional practices, ignorance and lack of knowledge on scientific water management. The net-return of $816.69, $706.63 and $51.48/ha was realized under SRI, ICM and CRC, respectively. The co-efficient of multiple determinations (R2) of the production function was 0.695 in SRI, 0.714 in ICM and 0.734 in CRC which indicated that about 69.5, 71.4 and 73.4 % of the variation in rice productivity under SRI, ICM and CRC, respectively were explained by the independent variable and remaining 30.5, 28.6 and 26.6 %., respectively in SRI, ICM and CRC were as a result of non-inclusion of some explanatory variables as well as other factors outside the farmers control.

Productivity and socio-economic impact of system of rice intensification and integrated crop management over conventional methods of rice establishment in eastern Himalayas, India

A field experiment was conducted at Malan during kharif 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the productivity and profitability of rice under system of rice intensification (SRI) and integrated crop management (ICM). The SRI involved transplanting of 10–12 days old single seedling/hill at 25 cm x 25 cm; ICM involved transplanting of 15–18 days old 1–2 seedlings/hill at 20 cm x 20 cm spacing and were compared with conventional transplanting (CT) of 4 weeks old 2–3 seedlings/hill at 20 cm x 10 cm spacing. The treatments (CT, SRI, ICM) were tested in 2 sets,1 with same date of nursery sowing (consequently with different transplanting dates) and another with same date of transplanting (with different dates of nursery sowing). The SRI and ICM methods outperformed CT under same date of nursery sowing. The plants under SRI and ICM were taller by 7.4 cm and 6.1 cm, respectively and matured 7 days earlier compared to CT (124 days). More tillering at hill level compensated and thus effective tillers/m2 in ICM (247) were at par with CT (244) but were less in SRI (203). Panicle weight (g) was significantly more in SRI (3.75) followed by ICM (3.01) and CT (2.85). On an average ICM (6.67 t/ha; 14.5%) and SRI (6.43 t/ha; 10.6%) produced significantly more grain yield compared to CT (5.81 t/ha). NPK uptake was significantly more in ICM (98.9, 19.6, 96.8 kg/ha) followed by SRI and CT. On an average, ICM recorded significantly higher net return (Rs 40,943/ha) and benefit:cost ratio (2.04) followed by SRI (Rs 39,120/ha and 1.98). Under same date of nursery transplanting, the number of effective tillers/m2 were significantly less under SRI (164) and ICM (214) and so the productivity and profitability in new methods was less. Thus, it is concluded that under mid hills of Himachal Pradesh, ICM was promising to increase the productivity and profitability of transplanted rice.

Productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) in system of rice intensification in North-Western Himalayas.

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Productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) in system of rice intensification in North-Western Himalayas.