Global agriculture is facing the major challenge of providing enough food for a growing population while increasing resource use efficiency. The harvest index (HI) is an independent variable in the function not only for crop yield (biomass × HI) but also for water productivity (HI × biomass/water transpired) and nutrient productivity (HI × biomass/nutrient absorbed by plants) in cereals. Therefore, enhancement in HI could simultaneously improve grain yield and water and nutrient use efficiencies in rice. An increase in the grain-leaf ratio (the ratio of the total number of spikelets to the leaf area at heading time) to coordinate source‒sink relationships, an increase in the sugar-spikelet ratio [the ratio of the amount of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in the stems to the total number of spikelets at heading time] to enhance sink strength and NSC remobilization in stems during grain filling, and an increase in the percentage of productive tillers to improve canopy structure are the three important agronomic and physiological approaches to increase HI. The adoption of an alternate wetting and moderate drying regime and the use of the “three-based on” application technology of nitrogen fertilizer (based on the soil fertility, leaf color, and variety in rice) are two major crop management techniques to increase HI. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of HI in reducing environmental risk, the association of an enhanced HI by more remobilization of prestored NSC in stems during grain filling with lodging resistance, and the relationship between HI and grain quality in rice. 

Simultaneously improving grain yield and water and nutrient use efficiencies by enhancing the harvest index in rice1

Strategies to fortify the nutritional values of polished rice by implanting selective traits from brown rice: A nutrigenomics-based approach

Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method of crop establishment. Weed menaces in DSR considerably reduce the yield potential, which can be addressed by effective irrigation and weed management practices. Information on the impact of various water-saving irrigations and brown manure (BM) on water use, weed studies, and the yield of drum-sown rice is very limited. A field investigation was conducted to determine the effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) methods (10 cm, 15 cm dropped from FWT and farmers practices) and BM (Sesbania at 15, 20 and 25 kg ha-1, Pretilachlor 0.45 kg ha-1 as PE fbBispyribac Na 25 g ha-1 as PoE + hand weeding (HW) on 45 DAS, HW at 20 and 45 DAS, and weedy check. The results revealed that AWDI at 15 cm depletion of FWT with HW on 20 and 45 DAS increased the water use efficiency (5.3 kg ha mm-1), water productivity (0.53 kg m-3), water saving percentage (35.83%), and reduced the water consumption (770 mm). Continuous submergence with HW at 20 and 45 DAS significantly increased grain (4.4 t ha-1) and straw yield (6.5 t ha-1). At the same time, it reduced the grasses (53.3 and 58.4%) and sedges (76 and 75%), density and dry weight, respectively, over AWDI at 10 cm dropped from FWT. Thus, irrigation at 10 cm below FWT with sesbania BM at 20 kg ha-1 could be recommended for higher productivity of drum-sown rice under sodic soil conditions.

/pdf/impact-of-alternate-wetting-and-drying-irrigation-and-brown-1nlod5fb.pdf

Impact of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and brown manuring on water use, weed control and yield of drum seeded rice

Nanomaterials’ application can provide solutions to technological and environmental challenges, in the areas of solar energy conversion, catalysis, medicine and water treatment. Silver nanoparticles (Ag-Np's) stand out for their potential and versatility, due to their optical, electrical, mechanical, and structural properties, their photoactivity promotes them as an antimicrobial agent (bactericide-fungicide). The effect caused by Ag ions in microorganisms is already known, however, the mechanism of action is still not entirely clear. In the present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the Cempasúchil flower (Tagetes erecta) extract as a reducer by a simple and ecological route. Aqueous silver ions exposed to the flower extract were reduced, leading to silver nanoparticles’ biological synthesis. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UVvisible spectroscopy, where it showed a maximum peak from 410 nm to 425 nm. The silver nanoparticles’ synergistic antimicrobial potential was evaluated with the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger, through the Kirby-Bauer method, where inhibition halos of 2 to 2.2 cm were obtained, showing the antimicrobial activity of the Ag-Np' s. 

Comparative study of the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles obtained from Tagetes erecta (Cempasúchil) by green synthesis

Genetic enhancement of reproductive stage drought tolerance in RPHR-1005R and derivative rice hybrids through marker-assisted backcross breeding in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

ABSTRACT This study investigated the performance of rice cultivars under the best method of irrigation and system of cultivation on clay loam soils of Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, during the kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018. Thetreatment consisted of two irrigation regimes, viz. alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and saturation as main plot treatments; three establishment methods, viz. system of rice intensification (SRI), drum seeding (DS), and normal transplanting (NT) as subplot treatments; and four cultivars, namely DRR Dhan 42, DRR Dhan 43, MTU-1010, and NLR-34449 as sub-sub plot treatments summing up to 24 treatment combinations laid out in split–split plot design with three replications. Among the irrigation regimes, AWD noticed significantly superior nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake at 60, 90 DAS/DAT, and at harvest during 2017 and 2018 as compared to saturation. Between irrigation regimes, AWD recorded significantly superior N, P, and K use efficiency as compared to saturation. At 60, 90 DAS/DAT, and at harvest, SRI method recorded significantly superior N, P, and K uptake as compared to NT and DS during both the years. Higher NUE of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was observed with SRI than DS and NT methods. N, P, and K uptake was significantly superior with DRR Dhan 43 at 60, 90 DAS, and harvest during both the years of study followed by MTU-1010. Among the rice cultivars, higher N, P, and K use efficiency was recorded in DRR Dhan 43 over other rice cultivars.

Nutrient Dynamics of Rice Cultivars under Different Irrigation Regimes and Systems of Cultivation

A Comparative Study on Inhibition Efficacy of Solvent Extracts of Woodfordia Fruticosa and Phyto-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Against Certain Bacteria

Fertility restoration is a very important trait for the WA-CMS system in hybrid rice. Fifty-five BILs derived from KMR3 and FL478 cross combination possessing Saltol1 generated through Marker Assisted Backcross Breeding (MABB) approach were screened using Rf4 and Rf3 markers during Rabi 2021. The use of molecular markers tightly linked with fertility restoration aided in identifying promising groups of restorers, maintainers, partial restorers, and partial maintainers. The presence of both Rf4 and Rf3 alleles among the nineteen BILs was 35% which showed a clear difference in the marker distribution among the BILs. The BILs namely TCP32, TCP34, TCP35, TCP36, TCP36-3, TCP37-2, TCP38, TCP13, TCP18, TCP19, TCP45, TCP46, TCP48, TCP54, TCP56, TCP57-1, TCP60, TCP61, TCP61-3 were identified as promising restorers possessing both Rf4 and Rf3 genes. The current study reflects that Rf4 and Rf3 genes in combination help in the breeding of WA-CMS-based hybrids in Saltol introgressed restorers with better heterosis under various ecologies, especially coastal saline areas.

Evaluation of Salinity-Tolerant Backcrossed Inbre Lines (BILs) For Fertility Restoration Using Molecula Markers

Drought stress has become more important abiotic factor affecting rice yield under present changing climate conditions. IR58025B is a maintainer line of widely used WA CMS line IR58025A and widely used in commercial rice hybrids production in India. Most of the rice hybrids are released for the irrigated ecosystem consequently, these derived hybrids suffer drastic yield decline under moisture stress conditions. To facilitate the efficient use of complex polygenic traits in hybrid rice molecular breeding research, we undertook development of introgression lines in background of IR58025B with tolerance to moisture stress by introgression of major QTL qDTY3.1 controlling grain yield under moisture stress. The present study reports the development and evaluation of 230 introgression lines (BC2F2) lines in IR58025B background for improvement of grain yield under moisture stress condition. Among 230 ILs, 24 introgression lines were found positive for qDTY3.1 and negative for fertility restoration (rf4 & rf3).Promising BILs exhibited earliness of 7 days under moisture stress with grain yield advantage of 8.54g to 10.78g in comparison to the recurrent parent. This suggested that the efficacy of introgressed drought tolerant QTL qDTY3.1 in enhancing grain yield under moisture stress conditions. Further, breeding lines of IR58025B possessing qDTY3.1 could also serve as good donors for development of drought tolerant rice hybrids for unfavorable ecologies.

Marker assisted backcross breeding to develop the drought tolerant version of IR58025B, a popular maintainer line of hybrid rice

Swarna (MTU7029), an Indian mega-variety of rice, is cultivated on an estimated 8Mha of land. There is a pressing need to address yield stagnation and wider adaptability to irrigated lowland and rainfed ecologies as a result of the negative consequences of climate change and population growth. The present study was aimed at improving Swarna for two yield-related traits through marker-assisted backcross breeding strategy by introgression of OsSPL14 (panicle branching) and SCM2 (stronger culm). Foreground and background selection was carried out at each generation. Homozygous BC2F2 plants harbouring both yield-enhancing genes were identified and advanced through pedigree selection till BC2F5 and evaluated in station trials. Three promising lines possessing higher yield over recurrent parent were identified, and a single line, IET 27661 exhibited superior yield in multi-location trials of the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Programme (AICRIP) and was found to be promising.

Performance of improved versions of Swarna introgressed with yield enhancing genes in multi-location trials

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