Graphite has a stacked planar sp2-hybridized C6 ring structure, displaying a polymorphism with rhombohedral, hexagonal, and turbostratic. Based on its structure-property relationship, it affords a variety of technologically innovative applications or performances in industries, such as lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells, two dimensional graphene, water purification, electronics, fiber optics, spintronics, refractories, electrical products, electric vehicles, etc. The monetary value of graphite depends largely on carbon content and flake size. However, the physical separation of graphite from its ore body is known to be very expensive, energy intensive and time-consuming. Hence, this study extensively describes a current purification method for producing high-quality graphite material with impurities reaching about 10–100 mg/kg, attracting a lot of end users. It also describes the potential applications of graphite materials and identifies the future scope of a new market, depending on material purity. Finally, the current and future graphite-mining countries are investigated in details.

Purification, application and current market trend of natural graphite: A review

High temperature material properties of calcium aluminate cement concrete

The effect of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of concrete with fine recycled refractory brick aggregate and aluminate cement

Strengthening mechanism of graphene oxide nanosheets for Al2O3–C refractories

Microstructures and mechanical properties of Al 2 O 3 -C refractories with Al, Si and SiO 2 as the additives fired in the temperature range from 800 to 1400 °C are investigated when multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as the carbon source to partially or totally replace graphite flake in the materials. The results showed that the mechanical properties such as cold modulus of rupture (CMOR), modulus of elasticity ( E ) of all the specimens increased in the firing temperature range from 800 to 1200 °C, but decreased dramatically at 1400 °C. Compared with specimens with only graphite flake, specimens containing 0.05 wt% MWCNTs possessed better mechanical properties. However, they got deteriorated with the further increase of MWCNTs amount from 0.1 to 1 wt%. The differences in mechanical properties were closely associated with the microstructures of Al 2 O 3 -C refractories. In comparison with specimens having only graphite flake, the improvement of mechanical properties of specimens containing MWCNTs was attributed to strengthening and toughening mechanism of MWCNTs as well as formation of larger amount of ceramic phases in the matrix at 800 and 1000 °C, respectively. At 1200 and 1400 °C, the improvement was mainly associated with the quantity and morphology of SiC whiskers induced from MWCNTs in the specimens. However, with the increase of MWCNTs amount, the mechanical properties of the materials got deteriorated because of agglomeration of MWCNTs and their influence on the morphology of ceramics phases.

Microstructures and mechanical properties of Al2O3-C refractories with addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The effect of antioxidants on the oxidation behaviour of magnesia-carbon refractory bricks

The main aspects that determine flowing properties of self flowing alumina based low-cement castables are determined. From the point of view of particle size distribution, different particle size distributions are compared by using Andreassen model according to n -value. The n -values are varied as 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24 and 0.25 to define which one corresponds to the best flowing properties. The prepared castables are fired at different temperatures. Rheological and physical properties of prepared castable refractories were examined. It is found that the self flowing refractory which is prepared by using 0.23 n -value has the best self flowing properties. In addition to these studies, different alumina types which affect the aggregate system, and the roles of additives (calcined alumina, microsilica) are also examined by using n  = 0.23 value. Finally SEM studies are performed to investigate the microstructure of these self flowing castables.

Properties of alumina based low-cement self flowing castable refractories

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The effect of antioxidants on the oxidation behaviour of magnesia-carbon refractory bricks

Properties of alumina based low-cement self flowing castable refractories