To estimate exposure to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) through cigarette smoking, the concentrations of both metals in the blood or/and urine of smokers (20 cigarettes or more per day for 10 years or longer) and their non-smoking counterparts inhabiting an environmentally unpolluted area (Bialystok, Poland) were evaluated, as well as Cd and Pb contents in the cigarette brands (produced in Poland) smoked by the participants, including intact cigarettes, pre-smoking (tobacco, paper and filter) and post-smoking (butt, ash and smoke) cigarette components. Blood and urinary Cd concentrations in the smokers have been already reported by us to be 2–4 times higher than in the non-smokers (Galazyn-Sidorczuk et al. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 13 (Suppl.1):91–95, 2004). All the other measurements are the subject of the present paper. Pb concentration in the blood of the cigarette smokers (52.12±15.51 μg l−1) was higher by 29% than in the non-smokers (40.42±11.19 μg l−1). The mean Cd and Pb contents in the cigarettes were 0.6801±0.1765 and 0.6853±0.0746 μg per cigarette, respectively. Under cigarette burning, performed using a machine for self-acting burning, on average 33% of Cd and 11% of Pb present in the whole cigarette was released into the smoke. For Cd, unlike Pb, there was a high positive correlation between the metal content in cigarettes and tobacco and its release into the smoke. Moreover, the subjects smoking cigarettes containing the highest Cd amount had higher blood Cd concentration than smokers of other cigarette brands. The results give clear evidence that in the case of inhabitants of areas unpolluted with Cd and Pb habitual cigarette smoking, due to tobacco contamination, creates a serious source of chronic exposure to these metals, especially to Cd.

Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead, and exposure to these metals via smoking

The competitive removal of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions by the copolymer of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and itaconic acid (IA), P(AMPS-co-IA), was investigated. Homopolymer of AMPS (PAMPS) was also used to remove these ions from their aqueous solution. In the preparation of AMPS–IA copolymer, the molar percentages of AMPS and IA were 80 and 20, respectively. In order to observe the changes in the structures of polymers due to metal adsorption, FTIR spectra by attenuated total reflectancetechnique and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures of the polymers were taken both before and after adsorption experiments. Total metal ion removal capacities of PAMPS and P(AMPS-co-IA) were 1.685 and 1.722 mmol Me2+/gpolymer, respectively. Experimental data were evaluated to determine the kinetic characteristics of the adsorption process. Competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ ions onto both PAMPS and P(AMPS-co-IA) was found to fit pseudo-second-order type kinetics. In addition, the removal orders in the competitive adsorption of these metal ions onto PAMPS and P(AMPS-co-IA) were found to be Cd2+ > Pb2+ > Cu2+ and Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+, respectively. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Competitive heavy metal removal by poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid‐co‐itaconic acid)

The concentrations of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl, and V were determined in hair of 96 school children and in blood of 144 adults living in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) (Constanti, Tarragona County, Catalonia, NE Spain). The results were compared with those obtained in previous (1998 and 2002) surveys performed in the same area. Data were analyzed in terms of age, sex, and specific place of residence. Current mean concentrations in hair ranged between not detected (ND) (As, Be, and Tl) and 1.31 μg/g for Cr. In blood, Be, Hg, Mn, Sn, and Tl levels were under the respective detection limits. The mean blood concentrations of the remaining elements ranged from 0.34 μg/dL for Cd, to 2.40 μg/dL for Pb. Significant differences in hair and blood in relation to gender were only noted for Pb in blood. In general terms, metal concentrations in hair and blood from subjects living in Tarragona County are lower than most levels reported for other countries in recent years.

Monitoring Metals in Blood and Hair of the Population Living Near a Hazardous Waste Incinerator: Temporal Trend

The abnormal metabolism of metal ions plays an important role in health and disease conditions; hence, the studies about them have received much interest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between trace and toxic elements zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), and mercury (Hg) in biological samples (scalp hair, blood, and urine) of hypertensive patients (n = 257), residents of Hyderabad, Pakistan. For comparison purpose, the biological samples of age-matched healthy controls were selected as referents. The concentrations of trace and toxic elements were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer prior to microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology was checked using certified reference materials and by the conventional wet acid digestion method. The recovery of all studied elements was found in the range of 96.4–99.1 % in certified reference materials. The results of this study showed that the mean values of Cd and Hg were significantly higher in scalp hair, blood, and urine samples of hypertensive patients than in referents (P < 0.001), whilst the concentrations of Zn and Se were lower in the scalp hair and blood, but higher in the urine samples of hypertensive patients. The deficiency of Zn and Se and the high exposure of toxic metals may be synergistic with risk factors associated with hypertension.

Interaction between essential elements selenium and zinc with cadmium and mercury in samples from hypertensive patients.

Heavy metals were analyzed in different foods crops, milk, meat and blood samples collected from different age group subjects such as children (1–12 years), adolescent (12–18 years), adults (18–45 years) and old age (above 45 and 55 years for males and females, respectively) from polluted and relatively less polluted areas. The results revealed that the consumption of contaminated food crops, meat and milk have significantly increased the concentrations of selected metals in the human blood. Cu, Zn and Mn concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the blood samples collected from the polluted area as compared to control area. Old people had accumulated high concentrations of metals as compared to the younger ones within the same area. Males accumulated higher concentrations of metals as compared to females.

Bioaccumulation of metals in human blood in industrially contaminated area.

Cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in the blood and hair of 51 women after delivery of children with locomotor system malformations (Group I) and, as a control, 46 women who gave birth to healthy children (Group II) were different but none of the values were statistically significant. However, lead concentrations in the blood and the hair of women from the Group I (median: 109.63 μg/L and 1.31 μg/g) were notably higher than in Group II (median: 66.45 μg/L and 0.58 μg/g, respectively). Maternal lead concentrations in the blood of 17 women from Group I decreased to 60.73 μg/L, and in their hair to 1.20 μg/g after 12 months. We observed a significant correlation between lead concentrations and copper levels in the hair of the mothers.

Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc Concentrations in Blood and Hair of Mothers of Children with Locomotor System Malformations

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Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc Concentrations in Blood and Hair of Mothers of Children with Locomotor System Malformations