Adenoviruses are increasingly recognized as contributors to morbidity and mortality among stem cell and solid-organ transplant recipients. Clinical presentations range from asymptomatic viremia to respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, hemorrhagic cystitis, and severe disseminated illness. The limited clinical data available support the use of cidofovir for many of these illnesses. Prospective studies are needed to better understand the pathogenesis of and therapeutic options for adenoviral infections in this patient population.

Adenovirus Infections in Transplant Recipients

Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases. The neutralization e determinant (loops 1 and 2) and the hemagglutination γ determinant are relevant for the taxonomy of HAdV. Precise type identification of HAdV prototypes is crucial for detection of infection chains and epidemiology. e and γ determinant sequences of all 51 HAdV were generated to propose molecular classification criteria. Phylogenetic analysis of e determinant sequences demonstrated sufficient genetic divergence for molecular classification, with the exception of HAdV-15 and HAdV-29, which also cannot be differentiated by classical cross-neutralization. Precise sequence divergence criteria for typing (

https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/79/24/15265.full.pdf

Phylogenetic analysis of the main neutralization and hemagglutination determinants of all human adenovirus prototypes as a basis for molecular classification and taxonomy.

Adenovirus (ADV) was first associated with severe morbidity and mortality in bone marrow transplant recipients in 1985. Numerous reports since then have confirmed the importance of ADV in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT). The immunosuppression involved with solid organ transplantation (SOT) also predisposes recipients to severe initial or reactivation ADV infections. This chapter describes the emerging importance of ADV in both HSCT and SOT recipients. A retrospective review of pediatric liver transplant recipients noted infection in 10%, with evidence of invasive disease occurring in 4.1%; most disease occurred in the immediate posttransplant period. Nuclear enlargement and intranuclear inclusions develop and contain adenovirions as seen by electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (technically challenging and not widely available) may further improve the sensitivity over that of histopathology and may be particularly helpful in differentiating rejection from ADV disease, particularly among small bowel transplant recipients. Treatment of ADV in HSCT and SOT recipients can be broken down into two major issues: whom to treat and how best to treat them. A wide variety of antiviral drugs have been used to treat ADV disease. Vidarabine has limited availability and significant toxicity but may have a role in the management of hemorrhagic cystitis. At present, only cidofovir appears to have significant antiviral efficacy. Future treatment strategies might include analogs of cidofovir and ex vivo generation of ADV-specific cytotoxic T cells with subsequent transplantation into patients suffering from or at high risk for ADV disease.

Adenoviral Infections in Transplant Recipients

Development of a PCR-and hybridization-based assay (PCR Adenovirus Consensus®) for the detection and the species identification of adenoviruses in respiratory specimens

Inhibitory activity of 3'-fluoro-2' deoxythymidine and related nucleoside analogues against adenoviruses in vitro

AIMS--To investigate adenovirus pulmonary infections in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. METHODS--Formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded lung tissue was examined from 13 necropsy cases after BMT using PCR and in situ hybridisation to detect adenovirus DNA. The E1A region of the adenoviral genome was targeted for PCR. In situ hybridisation was performed only in the PCR positive cases. RESULTS--Of the 13 lung specimens analysed, nine cases were negative for adenoviral nucleic acid. Four (30%) PCR and two (15%) in situ hybridisation positive cases were found. In some of the patients there were clinical and pathological indications that some diseases might be associated with adenovirus infection--haemorrhagic cystitis (three cases); necrotising pneumonia (one case). In necrotising pneumonia in which no pathogenic agents had been shown by conventional histological study, the in situ hybridisation technique showed positive staining for adenovirus. In a patient who died of renal failure caused by adenovirus nephritis, both PCR and in situ hybridisation were positive in the lung as well as in the kidney, although no histological change was found. Two PCR positive cases lacked positive sites for adenovirus by in situ hybridisation. CONCLUSIONS--The combination of PCR and in situ hybridisation could be useful for diagnosing adenovirus infection of the lung in BMT recipients. These results provide a basis for exploring further the clinical use of PCR and in situ hybridisation to diagnose adenovirus infection.

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/47/11/973.full.pdf

Adenovirus pulmonary infections identified by PCR and in situ hybridisation in bone marrow transplant recipients.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

S Mori

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Adenovirus pulmonary infections identified by PCR and in situ hybridisation in bone marrow transplant recipients.