We review margins used in optical networks and review a formerly proposed margin taxonomy. For each category of margins, we review techniques that the network designer can use in order to increase the capacity of optical networks, extend their life, and decrease deployment cost (CAPEX) or total cost of ownership over their life duration. Green field (new network deployments) and brown field techniques (used after initial network deployment) are discussed. The technology needed to leverage the margins and achieve the aforementioned gains are also reviewed, along with the associated challenges.

Design of Low-Margin Optical Networks

Consistent growth in the volume and dynamic behavior of traffic mandates new requirements for fast and adaptive resource allocation in metro networks. We propose a dynamic resource allocation technique for adaptive minimization of spectrum usage in metro elastic optical networks. We consider optical transmission as a service specified by its bandwidth profile parameters, which are minimum, average, and maximum required transmission rates. To consider random traffic events, we use a stochastic optimization technique to develop a novel formulation for dynamic resource allocation in which service level specifications and network stability constraints are addressed. Next, we employ the elegant theory of Lyapunov optimization to solve the stochastic optimization problem and derive a fast integer linear program, which is periodically solved to create an adaptation between available resources and the dynamic network state. To quantize the performance of the proposed technique, we report its spectral efficiency as a function of the peak-to-average traffic ratio and Lyapunov penalty coefficient. Simulation results show that the dynamic resource allocation procedure can improve spectral efficiency by a factor of 3.3 for a peak-to-average traffic ratio of 1.37 and a Lyapunov penalty coefficient of 103 in comparison with fixed network planning. There is also a trade-off between transmission delay and spectrum utilization in the proposed technique, which can be adjusted by a Lyapunov penalty coefficient.

https://research.chalmers.se/publication/511035/file/511035_Fulltext.pdf

Dynamic resource allocation in metro elastic optical networks using Lyapunov drift optimization

Optical transmission systems exist ubiquitously in data center, access, metro and long-haul networks, and are divided into different autonomous domains based on different carrier ownership, network equipment manufacturers, geographical location, etc. Software-defined Internet exchange methods have been proposed to solve the long-standing problem of inter-domain routing and enable control flexibility in layer-3 networks, and software-defined networking (SDN) has also been introduced to optical networks and much progress has been made to enhance optical network control capability. In this paper, we investigate a transparent software-defined exchange (tSDX) with real-time impairment-aware service level agreement (SLA) guarantees for multidomain optical networks. An SDN-based hierarchical control architecture is designed and implemented. End-to-end, impairment-aware wavelength path provisioning is experimentally realized in a multidomain network. Real-time optical signal to noise ratio based optical performance monitoring, together with inter-domain negotiation enabled by our proposed SDN control architecture, serves as an SLA guarantee for 100-Gbps polarization-multiplexed quadrature phase-shift keying signals in dense wavelength division multiplexed transmission.

tSDX: Enabling Impairment-Aware All-Optical Inter-Domain Exchange

Varying the symbol rate is an alternative or complementary approach to varying the modulation format or the channel spacing to turn optical networks into elastic networks. We propose to allocate just-enough bandwidth for each optical connection by adjusting the symbol rate such that the penalty originating from long cascades of optical filters is contained. This helps reduce overprovisioning for lightpaths where full capacity is not needed, by (i) eliminating unnecessary regenerators and (ii) reducing the power consumption of terminals, when the clock rate of electronics is reduced along with the baudrate. We propose a novel architecture for an elastic optical interface by combining a variable bitrate transceiver, paired with an elastic aggregation stage, with software-defined control. We then report a real-time field-programmable-gate-array-based prototype that delivers flexible transport frames to be sent with a polarization-division multiplexed quadrature phase-shift keying modulation format. We interconnect this prototype with a commercial optical transport network switch and a centralized controller. We demonstrate fast and hitless reconfiguration of the interface and measure the reconfiguration time of hardware logic (<450 μs), as well as end-to-end control and the data plane (<0.9 s).

/pdf/elastic-optical-interface-with-variable-baudrate-23dpx9jjsp.pdf

Elastic optical interface with variable baudrate: Architecture and proof-of-concept

Located at the meeting point between telecom operators and over-the-top service providers, metro networks are particularly well suited for the introduction of radical acceleration of dynamics in the optical networks, leveraging elastic building blocks such as transponders and optical nodes. In this paper, we review innovative solutions which could be used to address some of the challenges of metro networks in the short-medium term (e.g., 2–5 years from now). In particular, we discuss the most valuable application scenarios for elastic optical networking. We then highlight a few features of next generation metro networks and outline the main road toward this next generation with network experiments and associated use cases.

Will Metro Networks Be the Playground for (True) Elastic Optical Networks

The operation of multi-domain and multi-vendor EONs can be achieved by interoperable Sliceable Bandwidth Variable Transponders, a GMPLS / BGP-LS-based control plane and a planning tool. This paper reports the first full demonstration and validation this end-to-end architecture.

/pdf/first-demonstration-of-multi-vendor-and-multi-domain-eon-z4qltj6bjf.pdf

First demonstration of multi-vendor and multi-domain EON with S-BVT and control interoperability over Pan-European testbed

We show the first hitless 100Gbit/s real-time bandwidth-variable transmitter integrated with restful server and OTN switching matrix. Between 10.7Gbit/s and 107Gbit/s, the transmitter reconfigures in less than 450μs without packet loss and additional penalty.

Hitless 100 Gbit/s OTN bandwidth variable transmitter for software-defined networks

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First demonstration of multi-vendor and multi-domain EON with S-BVT and control interoperability over Pan-European testbed

Hitless 100 Gbit/s OTN bandwidth variable transmitter for software-defined networks