When the red harvester ant is threatened, nestmates rush to its assistance. The message is a chemical one. Distress is communicated and help summoned by the potential victim ejecting a tiny cocktail of alkanes and terpenoids. Professor E 0 Wilson, who made this discovery, is a distinguished zoologist whose writings have twice been awarded Pulitzer Prizes. His interests extend far beyond entomology, however. Why should human communication be qualitatively different from that of the ant, in being achieved by definable, physicochemical processes? And, if this is the case, surely the same must be true of other social phenomena? Having conceded so much, on what grounds can we exclude other products of human activity such as the social sciences, arts, humanities and ethics? In a mechanistic universe, the whole of human civilization is the ultimate product of the interaction between genes and environment, incredibly complex, as Wilson admits, but susceptible to fundamentally the same analytic techniques as communication in the harvester ant. Consilience (literally, a 'jumping together') is the notion that a common groundwork of explanation applies not only to the sciences but also to the arts, ethics and religion. In his book Consiliencel Wilson applies a combination of broad learning and a style of baroque exuberance to put the case for such a unity of knowledge. Wilson is thus, as he makes clear, a child of the Enlightenment, paying homage to Bacon and Newton but most of all to Condorcet, who trod the same intellectual path (and who came to grief in the Revolution for reasons probably not unrelated to his philosophy). He mourns the triumph at the end of the eighteenth century of revelatory religion fearful of the outcomes of science, and most of all of Romanticism although regrettably overlooking the

Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge.

Investigations into interactions between suspended bivalve farms and the marine environment generally focus on effects to the seafloor beneath farms. This is appropriate in situations where the level of development will be determined by the ability of the growing environment to absorb waste products, such as in the case for finfish culture operations. By contrast, sea-based suspended bivalve culture development is more often controlled by the ability of the water-column environment to supply particulate food material. Therefore, there is a need to develop methodologies and frameworks for assessing the 'scope for growth' of bivalve culture, and the level of environmental interactions associated with particular development levels. The work presented here details a set of functional performance indicators that can be used to assess the level of interactions between the culture and the water-column growing environment, and also the farmed biomass with respect to carrying capacity milestones.

Sustainability performance indicators for suspended bivalve aquaculture activities

Presented as a panacea for the problems of environmental management, ‘participation’ conceals competing frames of meaning. ‘Ladders of participation’ explain insufficiently why public engagement is...

The persistence of ‘normal’ catchment management despite the participatory turn: Exploring the power effects of competing frames of reference

Taylor and Francis GENV_A_401239.sgm 10.1080/002 7 0903010670 International Journal of Environmental Studies 0 20-7233 (pri t)/1 29-0400 (online) Book Reviews 2 09 & Francis 00 F temehZaf nejad z ejad@hotm il.com When the Rivers Run Dry. Water-The Defining Crisis of the Twenty-First Century, by Fred Pearce, Beacon Press, Boston, MA, 2006, 324 pp., US$16.00, pbk. alk. paper (ISBN 13: 978 0 8070 85738).

When the Rivers Run Dry. Water‐The Defining Crisis of the Twenty‐First Century

Wetlands provide ∼$47.4 trillion/year worth of ecosystem services globally and support immense biodiversity, yet face widespread drainage and pollution, and large-scale wetlands restoration is urgently needed. Payment for ecosystem service (PES) schemes provide a viable avenue for funding large-scale wetland restoration. However, schemes around the globe differ substantially in their goals, structure, challenges, and effectiveness in supporting large-scale wetland restoration. Here, we suggest wetland-based PES schemes use common asset trusts (CATs) to build investment portfolios of wetlands across landscapes that sustain and enhance overall provision of multiple ecosystem services. CATs can meet the needs of multiple investors, permit bundled payments, and provide flexibility to invest in the restoration of numerous services/values, all using a coordinated, highly collaborative, prioritized, and transparent process. CATs would support financial viability, facilitate efficiency to reduce administrative burdens, and enable credibility and social licence building to restore wetland values and services globally.

Financial incentives for large-scale wetland restoration: Beyond markets to common asset trusts

This paper provides an overview of the Motueka integrated catchment management (ICM) research programme. This research was based on the thesis that achieving ecosystem resilience at a catchment scale requires active measures to develop community resilience. We define a generic adaptive planning and action process, with associated knowledge management and stakeholder involvement processes, and illustrate those processes with observations from five research themes: (1) water allocation; (2) land use effects on water; (3) land and freshwater impacts on the coast; (4) integrative tools and processes for managing cumulative effects; and (5) building human capital and facilitating community action. Our research clearly illustrates the benefits for effective decision-making of carrying out catchment scale science and management within collaborative processes which patiently develop trusting relationships. We conclude that coastal catchments should be managed as a holistic continuum from ridge tops to the sea and...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288330.2011.593529

Integrated catchment management—interweaving social process and science knowledge

Aims. In this work we generalize the notion of convective inhibition to apply it to cases where there is an inﬁnite reservoir of conden- sible species (i.e., an ocean). We propose a new model for the internal structure and thermal evolution of super-Earths with hydrogen envelopes. Methods. We derive the criterion for convective inhibition in a generalized phase mixture from ﬁrst principles thermodynamics. We then investigate the global ocean case using a water-hydrogen system, for which we have data, as an example. After illustrating the relevant thermodynamics, we extend our arguments to apply to a system of hydrogen and silicate vapor. We then employ a simple atmospheric model to apply our ﬁndings to super-Earths and to make predictions about their internal structures and thermal evolution. Results. For hydrogen envelope masses roughly in the range 10 − 3 − 10 − 1 M ⊕ , convective contact between the envelope and core may shut down because of the compositional gradient that arises from silicate partial vaporization. For envelope hydrogen masses that cause the associated basal pressure to exceed the critical pressure of pure silicate (on the order of a couple kilobars), the base of that envelope and the top of the core lie on the critical line of the two-phase hydrogen-silicate phase diagram. The corresponding temperature is much higher than convective models would suggest. The core is then “supercritical” in the sense that the temperature exceeds the critical temperature for pure silicate. The core then cools inefﬁciently, with intrinsic heat ﬂuxes potentially comparable to the Earth’s internal heat ﬂux today. Conclusions. This low heat ﬂux may allow the core to remain in a high entropy supercritical state for billions of years, but the details of this depend on the nature of the two-component phase diagram at high pressure, something that is currently unknown. A supercritical core thermodynamically permits the dissolution of large quantities of hydrogen into the core.

/pdf/convective-inhibition-with-an-ocean-i-supercritical-cores-on-moypnuiy.pdf

Convective inhibition with an ocean. I. Supercritical cores on sub-Neptunes/super-Earths

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Integrated catchment management—interweaving social process and science knowledge

Convective inhibition with an ocean. I. Supercritical cores on sub-Neptunes/super-Earths