In mammals, cadmium is widely considered as a non-genotoxic carcinogen acting through a methylation-dependent epigenetic mechanism. Here, the effects of Cd treatment on the DNA methylation patten are examined together with its effect on chromatin reconfiguration in Posidonia oceanica. DNA methylation level and pattern were analysed in actively growing organs, under short- (6 h) and long- (2 d or 4 d) term and low (10 mM) and high (50 mM) doses of Cd, through a Methylation-Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism technique and an immunocytological approach, respectively. The expression of one member of the CHROMOMETHYLASE (CMT) family, a DNA methyltransferase, was also assessed by qRT-PCR. Nuclear chromatin ultrastructure was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Cd treatment induced a DNA hypermethylation, as well as an up-regulation of CMT, indicating that de novo methylation did indeed occur. Moreover, a high dose of Cd led to a progressive heterochromatinization of interphase nuclei and apoptotic figures were also observed after long-term treatment. The data demonstrate that Cd perturbs the DNA methylation status through the involvement of a specific methyltransferase. Such changes are linked to nuclear chromatin reconfiguration likely to establish a new balance of expressed/repressed chromatin. Overall, the data show an epigenetic basis to the mechanism underlying Cd toxicity in plants.

/pdf/in-posidonia-oceanica-cadmium-induces-changes-in-dna-3cu7uj83mr.pdf

In Posidonia oceanica cadmium induces changes in DNA methylation and chromatin patterning

Simulating the impact of extreme heat and frost events on wheat crop production: a review

The control of flowering is central to reproductive success in plants, and has a major impact on grain yield in crop species. The global importance of temperate cereal crops such as wheat and barley has meant emphasis has long been placed on understanding the genetics of flowering in order to enhance yield. Leads gained from the dissection of the molecular genetics of model species have combined with comparative genetic approaches, recently resulting in the isolation of the first flowering time genes in wheat and barley. This paper reviews the genetics and genes involved in cereal flowering pathways and the current understanding of how two of the principal genes, Vrn and Ppd, have been involved in domestication and adaptation to local environments, and the implications for future breeding programmes are discussed.

Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication, and sustainable productivity

A plant for all seasons: alterations in photosynthetic carbon metabolism during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis

The molecular genetics of vernalization, defined as the promotion of flowering by cold treatment, is still poorly understood in cereals. To better understand this mechanism, we cloned and characterized a gene that we named TaVRT-1 (wheat [Triticum aestivum] vegetative to reproductive transition-1). Molecular and sequence analyses indicated that this gene encodes a protein homologous to the MADS-box family of transcription factors that comprises certain flowering control proteins in Arabidopsis. Mapping studies have localized this gene to the Vrn-1 regions on the long arms of homeologous group 5 chromosomes, regions that are associated with vernalization and freezing tolerance (FT) in wheat. The level of expression of TaVRT-1 is positively associated with the vernalization response and transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and is negatively associated with the accumulation of COR genes and degree of FT. Comparisons among different wheat genotypes, near-isogenic lines, and cereal species, which differ in their vernalization response and FT, indicated that the gene is inducible only in those species that require vernalization, whereas it is constitutively expressed in spring habit genotypes. In addition, experiments using both the photoperiod-sensitive barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Dicktoo) and short or long day de-acclimated wheat revealed that the expression of TaVRT-1 is also regulated by photoperiod. These expression studies indicate that photoperiod and vernalization may regulate this gene through separate pathways. We suggest that TaVRT-1 is a key developmental gene in the regulatory pathway that controls the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase in cereals.

TaVRT-1, a putative transcription factor associated with vegetative to reproductive transition in cereals.

An understanding of the genetic regulation of low-temperature (LT) tolerance is a prerequisite for the development of cold tolerant cultivars for high stress regions Vernalization requirement in winter habit cereals and photoperiod responsiveness in spring habit cereals has been shown to influence expression of the LT tolerance genes The objective of the present study was to determine the influence of photoperiod response on expression of LT tolerance genes in vernalization requiring winter habit cultivars Norstar and Warrior wheat (Triticum aestivum L em Thell) and Kold barley (Hordeum vulgare L) These cultivars were subjected to 8-h-short day (SD) and 20-h-long day (LD) photoperiods at cold acclimating temperature (4°C) over a period of 0 to 98 d Final leaf number (FLN) was determined at intervals throughout the acclimation period to measure vernalization status Photoperiod sensitivity did not affect vernalization as both SD and LD plants reached vernalization saturation at the same time However, a significant increase in leaf number and delayed double ridge formation between 49 and 98 d under 4°C SD non-inductive flowering condition relative to the LD treatments indicated that SD delayed phenological development Low-temperature tolerance gene expression as measured by LT 50 was influenced before the signal for floral transition as indicated by FLN measurements Photoperiodic response of SD sensitive winter barley and wheat cultivars was reflected in the level of expression of LT tolerance beginning in the early stages of vernalization and plant development Subsequent LT acclimation continued for a longer time and to colder temperatures under SD compared to LD These results support the hypothesis that vernalization and photoperiod responses regulate the expression of LT tolerance genes through their influence on the rate of plant development

Influence of Vernalization and Photoperiod Responses on Cold Hardiness in Winter Cereals

Developmental Regulation of Low-temperature Tolerance in Winter Wheat

Vernalization and photoperiod requirements regulate the timing of the vegetative/reproductive transition in plants. Cereals adapted to cold winter climates regulate this developmental transition mainly through vernalization requirements, which delay transition from the vegetative to the reproductive growth stage. Recent research indicates that vernalization requirements also influence the expression of low-temperature (LT) tolerance genes in cereals exposed to acclimating temperatures. The objective of the present study was to determine if LT tolerance expression was also developmentally regulated by photoperiod response. The nonhardy, short day (SD) sensitive, wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cultivar AC Minto, the LT tolerant, highly SD sensitive barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar Dicktoo, and a barley selection with very low sensitivity to SD were subjected to 8-h (SD) and 20-h (LD) days at cold acclimating temperatures over a period of 98 d. Final leaf number (FLN) was used to measure photoperi...

Influence of photoperiod response on the expression of cold hardiness in wheat and barley.

Phenological development and expression of freezing resistance in spring and winter wheat under field conditions in north-west Iran

Low-temperature (LT) stress is a major factor limiting the over-winter survival of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between vegetative/reproductive transition and expression of LT tolerance in barley cultivars acclimated under field conditions. Three cultivars with different vernalization response and photoperiod sensitivity were planted in the field at the Maragheh Dryland Agricultural Research Station (37°15′N, 46°15′E; 1720m) in Iran in the autumns of 2002 and 2003. LT tolerance, as measured by LT50, and stage of phenological development, as estimated from final leaf number (FLN) and shoot apex developmental morphology, were determined during the autumn and winter seasons. The short-day insensitive spring-habit cultivar Rihane-03 had a limited ability to acclimate to LT and it reached its maximum level of LT tolerance very quickly. The winter-habit cultivar Dobrinya reached its maximum LT tolerance at the point of vernalization saturation. The v...

Regulation of low-temperature tolerance in barley under field conditions in northwest Iran

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