Beta corolliflora is a wild relative of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) with 2n=4x=36 chromosomes. Monosomic addition lines (2n=19) of B. corolliflora in B. vulgaris were identified from backcross progenies between triploid hybrids (genome constitution VVC) and sugar beet. They were characterized by DNA-fingerprinting using nine different B. corolliflora-specific repetitive sequences as probes and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using two B. corollifora specific sequences and two rDNA probes. Unique banding patterns obtained after genomic Southern hybridization enabled the classification of monosomic addition lines into 11 clusters, three of which proved to have a wild beet chromosome fragment in addition to the sugar beet chromosomes as revealed by FISH. Repetitive sequences pBC216 and pBC1416 were found to be present only on wild beet chromosomes IV and V. Chromosomes I and IV were found to carry genes for 18S and 5S rRNA, respectively. An idiogram of B. corolliflora was established in the triploid VVC hybrid on the basis of chromosome size and FISH. Eight B. corolliflora addition lines could be unequivocally identified by Southern hybridization and FISH, one addition line carrying the missing wild beet chromosome is probably not viable under greenhouse conditions. The monosomic addition lines will serve as a bridge for transferring genes from wild species to sugar beet and will help to uncover genetic relationships between species of the genus Beta.

Monosomic addition lines of Beta corolliflora Zoss in sugar beet: cytological and molecular-marker analysis

Interspecific relationship among wild beets in section Corollinae was analyzed. Isozyme allele composition supports the concept of three basic species consisting of two diploid species, Beta lomatogona and Beta macrorhiza and the tetraploid species, Beta corolliflora. The polyploid and apomictic species referred to as Beta trigyna and Beta intermedia were found as hybrids. Based on isozyme and RAPD results, B. corolliflora was also found more related to B. macrorhiza than to B. lomatogona. From the phylogenetic trees constructed from isozyme data, B. corolliflora and B. macrorhiza seem to be the end members of the evolutionary line. Analysis of genetic diversity showed that B. corolliflora was more polymorphic and heterozygous than B. lomatogona and B. macrorhiza. Differences between B. macrorhiza accessions from Turkey and Dagestan were found.

Interspecific relationship and genetic diversity in wild beets in section Corollinae genus Beta : isozyme and RAPD analyses

The presence of conspecific and interfertile wild and cultivated forms impeded the development of a stable taxonomic system of wild beet species (genus Beta and Patellifolia) in the past. Further difficulties have been caused by the proliferation of synonyms and the confusion this has caused in the nomenclature, which was only slightly reduced after Linnaeus. The frequent errors in classification solely based on plant morphology are being reduced by studying the structures of genetic diversity with molecular genetic markers. Genetic markers as well as results from interspecific crossing experiments have helped revealing the past and ongoing evolutionary processes, as well as phylogenic relationships between taxa. Despite some unresolved taxonomic questions, wild beet plants can be determined and classified with sufficient reliability today which allowed categorizing the wild taxa into the primary, secondary, and tertiary genepool of the crop.

Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and the Genepool

Conservation of threatened plant genetic resources is vital for food security and biodiversity maintenance. Wild species of genus Beta are invaluable germplasm which could be utilized for beet breeding programs. In this study, in vitro multiplication and genotypic responses of different species in the section Beta and Corollinae were compared in presence of plant growth regulators. Following the surface sterilization, seeds were cultivated in vitro. Cotyledonary node explants were excised from the germinated young seedlings and treated with BAP, GA3 and TDZ. The obtained results demonstrated a significant difference between the genotypes in terms of in vitro shoot proliferation efficiency when subjected to BAP and GA3. Among the applied growth regulators, effect of BAP on number of multiplied shoots was the highest. Moreover, the genotypic variation in rooting was also evident when the shoots were subjected to IAA and IBA. This study is the first report of in vitro multiplication of wild species in genus Beta that could be exploited in future germplasm maintenance, gene transformation and breeding studies.

In vitro multiplication of wild relatives in genus Beta conserves the invaluable threatened germplasms

Use of Polyploids, Interspecific, and Intergeneric Wide Hybrids in Sugar Beet Improvement

Tetrasomic inheritance has been detected in Beta corol/jf/ora by use of isozymes; this finding supporrs autotetraploid origin of this species. In triploid hybrids consisting of two genomes of B. corolJif/ora and one genome ofB. vulgaris (CCV), segregation at Lap-l in both species could be analyzed separately. Not only tetrasomic segregation has been found in the gametes formed by the B. corolliflora plant which served as the male parent but double reduction products as well.

http://assbt-jsbr.org/JSBR/Vol30/JSBRVol30No4P321to327EvidenceofTetrasomicInheiritanceinBetacorolliflora.pdf

Evidence of tetrasomic inheritance in Beta corolliflora

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Evidence of tetrasomic inheritance in Beta corolliflora