Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of the model high-temperature copper oxide superconductor YBa2Cu3Oy demonstrate that high magnetic fields induce charge order, without spin order, within the material's CuO2 planes. The observed charge order has characteristics similar to those of stripe-ordered copper oxides, in which electronic charges spontaneously organize themselves into 'stripes'. The charge order develops only when superconductivity fades away. This work suggests that stripes are more common objects in the cuprates than was thought. They seem to compete with superconductivity, although the tendency to form stripes may be a necessary ingredient of high temperature superconductivity. Electronic charges introduced in copper-oxide (CuO2) planes generate high-transition-temperature (Tc) superconductivity but, under special circumstances, they can also order into filaments called stripes1. Whether an underlying tendency towards charge order is present in all copper oxides and whether this has any relationship with superconductivity are, however, two highly controversial issues2,3. To uncover underlying electronic order, magnetic fields strong enough to destabilize superconductivity can be used. Such experiments, including quantum oscillations4,5,6 in YBa2Cu3Oy (an extremely clean copper oxide in which charge order has not until now been observed) have suggested that superconductivity competes with spin, rather than charge, order7,8,9. Here we report nuclear magnetic resonance measurements showing that high magnetic fields actually induce charge order, without spin order, in the CuO2 planes of YBa2Cu3Oy. The observed static, unidirectional, modulation of the charge density breaks translational symmetry, thus explaining quantum oscillation results, and we argue that it is most probably the same 4a-periodic modulation as in stripe-ordered copper oxides1. That it develops only when superconductivity fades away and near the same 1/8 hole doping as in La2−xBaxCuO4 (ref. 1) suggests that charge order, although visibly pinned by CuO chains in YBa2Cu3Oy, is an intrinsic propensity of the superconducting planes of high-Tc copper oxides.

http://hebergement.u-psud.fr/rmn/pdfarticles/article2.pdf

Magnetic-field-induced charge-stripe order in the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3Oy.

We show that the retarded interaction between quasiparticles on a two dimensional square lattice induced by the exchange of antiferromagnetic paramagnons leads uniquely to a transition to a superconducting state with ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$ symmetry. We find that the effective quasiparticle interaction responsible for superconductivity possesses considerable structure in both momentum and frequency space, and show, by explicit calculations, that if one wishes to obtain quantitatively meaningful results it is essential to allow for that structure in solving the full integral equations that determine the superconducting transition temperature and the superconducting properties. With a spin-excitation spectrum and a quasiparticle-paramagnon coupling determined by fits to normal-state experiments, we obtain high transition temperatures and energy-gap behaviors comparable to those measured for ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.63}$, and ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$.

Weak-coupling theory of high-temperature superconductivity in the antiferromagnetically correlated copper oxides

We propose a way to measure the interference associated with two superconductors with a ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$ symmetry coupled by a Josephson weak link. An experimental realization shows no interference effects in a superconducting ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ film. The results are consistent with s-wave symmetry.

Symmetry of the superconducting order parameter in a YBa2Cu3O7- delta epitaxial films.

Magnetic correlations in high temperature superconductivity

We have studied the low-field Meissner effect of polycrystalline Bi high-temperature superconductors using a special superconducting-quantum-interference-device magnetometer. In certain samples a surprising feature was observed: Instead of the usual diamagnetic moment a paramagnetic moment develops in the field cooling mode below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ for fields H1 Oe. The data are consistent with orbital paramagnetic moments due to spontaneous currents. Such currents may originate in so-called \ensuremath{\pi} contacts in the weak-link network of polycrystalline material. In some of these samples also an anomaly in the low-field microwave absorption was observed, which is obviously correlated with the existence of spontaneous currents.

Paramagnetic Meissner effect in high-temperature superconductors

The authors review and up-date their work on Knight shifts, spin-lattice relaxation, and indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling for YBa2Cu3O7 in the superconducting state. The data are analyzed in particular to show what it may indicate about the orbital and spin pairing of the superconducting state.

NMR studies of the superconducting state of copper oxide superconductors

Scaling relationships for Nmr spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 and Gaussian transverse relaxation tme T 2G c reviewed and applied to analyse experiments in the normal state of YBa2Cu4O8 Studies of T 2G in the superconducting state are analysed using the theory of Pines and Wrobel to show a preference for d-state orbital pairing over anisotropic s-state Data on 13C Nmr in the normal and superconducting state of the two dimensional organic conductor (ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br are presented and shown to have great similarity to that of the cuprates

Nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spins: Some history, ancient and in the making

The authors report studies of the 63 Cu spin-lattice relaxation times in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 below the superconducting transition. They show that the data may indicate that the orbital pairing in the superconducting state is d-like, and that at low temperatures and strong fields the fluxoid cores may dominate the relaxation mechanism.

NMR in the superconducting state of YBa2Cu3O7

The authors report mmeasurements of the planar $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$ nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates $^{63}$${\mathit{W}}_{1\mathit{a}}$ ${(}^{63}$${\mathit{W}}_{1\mathit{c}}$) for the static field oriented along the a (c) axis in the superconducting state of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. These measurements were made on a single sample as a function of temperature and magnetic field. The weak-field results are well explained by several recent calculations in terms of a BCS spin-singlet, orbital-d-wave pairing state. They also find that at low temperatures $^{63}$${\mathit{W}}_{1\mathit{c}}$ varies linearly with the applied magnetic field, suggesting that at high field it is dominated by fluxoid cores.

Anisotropy and magnetic field dependence of the planar copper NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate in the superconducting state of YBa2Cu3O7.

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Papers

NMR studies of the superconducting state of copper oxide superconductors

Nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spins: Some history, ancient and in the making

NMR in the superconducting state of YBa2Cu3O7

Anisotropy and magnetic field dependence of the planar copper NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate in the superconducting state of YBa2Cu3O7.