Seeds contain a variety of phytochemicals that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Plant-derived compounds are often investigated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, anti-nociceptive, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, hepatoprotective, or neuroprotective properties. In this review, we have described the chemical content and biological activity of seeds from eight selected plant species—blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), Moringa oleifera Lam., sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Sprenger), hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), and sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L). This review is based on studies identified in electronic databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS. Numerous preclinical, and some clinical studies have found that extracts, fractions, oil, flour, proteins, polysaccharides, or purified chemical compounds isolated from the seeds of these plants display promising, health-promoting effects, and could be utilized in drug development, or to make nutraceuticals and functional foods. Despite that, many of these properties have been studied only in vitro, and it’s unsure if their effects would be relevant in vivo as well, so there is a need for more animal studies and clinical trials that would help determine if they could be applied in disease prevention or treatment.

/pdf/selected-seeds-as-sources-of-bioactive-compounds-with-3rk8cfrw.pdf

Selected Seeds as Sources of Bioactive Compounds with Diverse Biological Activities

Oral delivery of porous starch-loaded bilayer microgels for controlled drug delivery and treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Diarrhea is one of the common adverse reactions in antibiotic treatment, which is usually caused by the imbalance of intestinal flora, and probiotics play an important role in the structure of intestinal flora. Therefore, this experiment studied the regulatory effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 2-33 on antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) mice. First, the AAD mice model was established by the mixed antibiotic solution of gentamicin sulfate and cefradine. Then, the physiological indexes and diarrhea of mice were observed and recorded by gastric perfusion of low dose (1.0 × 107 CFU/ml), medium dose (1.0 × 108CFU/ml), and high dose (1.0 × 109 CFU/ml) strain 2-33. 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 regions were sequenced in colon contents of mice in control group, model group, self-healing group, and experimental group, respectively, and the diversity of intestinal flora and gene function prediction were analyzed. The results showed that the intestinal flora of AAD mice was not significantly regulated by gastric perfusion of strain 2-33 to 7 days, but the relative abundance and diversity of intestinal flora of AAD mice were significantly improved by gastric perfusion to 14 days (p < 0.05). In addition, at the genus level, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased significantly, and the relative abundance of Enterococcus and Bacillus decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, the regulation of strain 2-33 on intestinal flora of AAD mice was time- and dose-dependent, short-term gastric perfusion, and low dose had no significant effect (p > 0.05). Strain 2-33 can significantly increase the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, significantly decrease the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ (p < 0.05), and can also adjust carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism to normal levels, thus accelerating the recovery of intestinal flora structure of AAD mice. In summary, strain 2-33 can improve the structure and diversity of intestinal flora of AAD mice, balance the level of substance and energy metabolism, and play a positive role in relieving diarrhea, maintaining and improving the intestinal microecological balance.

/pdf/regulatory-effect-of-lactiplantibacillus-plantarum-2-33-on-3cys58mz.pdf

Regulatory Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 2-33 on Intestinal Microbiota of Mice With Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

Abstract Probiotics are widely recognized for their ability to prevent and therapy antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). This study was designed to evaluate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ELF051 ability to prevent colon inflammation and its effect on gut microbial composition in a mouse model of AAD. The mice were intragastrically administered triple antibiotics for 7 days and then subjected to L. plantarum ELF051 for 14 days. The administration of L. plantarum ELF051 ameliorated the pathological changes in the colon tissue, downregulated interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and upregulated IL-10, and increased the intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) level. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ELF051 also regulated the Toll-like receptor/myeloid differentiation primary response 88/nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/ NF-κB (PI3K/AKT/ NF-κB) inflammatory signaling pathways. 16S rRNA analyses showed that L. plantarum ELF051 increased the abundance and diversity of gut bacteria, restoring gut microbiota imbalance. A Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed that lactobacilli are closely associated with inflammatory markers and SCFAs. This work demonstrated that L. plantarum ELF051 can attenuate antibiotic-induced intestinal inflammation in a mouse AAD model by suppressing the pro-inflammatory response and modulating the gut microbiota. 

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ELF051 Alleviates Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea by Regulating Intestinal Inflammation and Gut Microbiota.

Hyperuricemia (HUA), characterized by abnormal serum uric acid (UA) levels, is recognized as an important risk factor for hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN), which is strongly linked to gut microbiota. This study investigated the protective effects and regulatory mechanisms of insoluble fiber from barley leaves (BL) against HN, induced by adenine (Ad) and potassium oxonate (PO). The results showed that BL dramatically reduced the levels of serum UA and creatinine (CR) and alleviated renal injury and fibrosis. Moreover, BL modulated oxidative stress and downregulated the expression of urate transporter 1 (URAT1) and glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) in the kidneys of mice with HN. In addition, the 16S rRNA sequence data showed that BL also increased the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria, including Bacteroides, Alloprevotella, and Eisenbergiella. Besides, BL treatment also increased SCFAs levels. Of interest, the application of SCFAs in hyperuricemic mice effectively reduced their serum UA. Furthermore, SCFAs dose-dependently inhibited URAT1 and GLUT9 in vitro and potently interacted with URAT1 and GLUT9 in the docking analysis. When taken together, our results indicate that BL and its metabolite SCFAs may be potential candidates for relieving HUA or HN.

/pdf/insoluble-fiber-in-barley-leaf-attenuates-hyperuricemic-1ieuextl.pdf

Insoluble Fiber in Barley Leaf Attenuates Hyperuricemic Nephropathy by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Bacillus sp. DU-106, a potential probiotic, has been proved to activate innate immunity, reduce hypercholesterolemia, and regulate the gut microbiota of mice. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of strain DU-106 in antibioticassociated diarrhea (AAD) via analyzing the changes in gut microbial composition in mice. The results indicated that supplementation of strain DU-106 alleviated gastrointestinal symptoms, improved gut barrier integrity and immunoglobulin-A level of mice with AAD. A 16S rRNA sequencing showed that antibiotics decreased bacterial diversity and the abundances of Alistipes, Roseburia, Hungatella, Eubacterium-xylanophilum, Lachnospiraceae-UCG-001, Intestinimonas, and LachnospiraceaeNK4A136, but increased the abundance of Klebsiella, Bacteroidota, and Verrucomicrobiota. However, strain DU-106 treatment reversed these alternations in mice with AAD. In conclusion, strain DU-106 could alleviate AAD in association with the regulation of intestinal microbiota and could be used as an alternative treatment for AAD.

Supplementation of Bacillus sp. DU-106 Alleviates Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Association with the Regulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Mice

The incidence of hyperuricemia has increased globally due to changes in dietary habits. The sacha inchi oil press-cake is generally discarded, resulting in the waste of resources and adverse environmental impact. For the purpose of developing sacha inchi oil press-cake and identifying natural components with anti-hyperuricemic activities, we systemically investigated the underlying mechanisms of sacha inchi oil press-cake protein hydrolysates (SISH) in the hyperuricemic rat model. SISH was obtained from sacha inchi oil press-cake proteins after trypsin treatment, and 24 peptides with small molecular weight (<1000 Da) were identified. The results of animal experiments showed that SISH significantly decreased the serum uric acid (UA) level by inhibiting the xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity and regulating the gene expression related to UA production and catabolism in hyperuricemia rats, such as Xdh and Hsh. In addition, SISH attenuated the renal damage and reduced the gene expression related to inflammation (Tlr4, Map3k8, Pik3cg, Pik3ap1, Ikbke, and Nlrp3), especially Tlr4, which has been considered a receptor of UA. Notably, SISH reversed high purine-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, particularly by enhancing the relative abundance of butyric acid-producing bacteria (unidentified_Ruminococcaceae, Oscillibacter, Ruminiclostridium, Intestinimonas). This research provided new insights into the treatment of hyperuricemia.

/pdf/sacha-inchi-oil-press-cake-protein-hydrolysates-exhibit-anti-1yitfj5n.pdf

Sacha Inchi Oil Press-Cake Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Anti-Hyperuricemic Activity via Attenuating Renal Damage and Regulating Gut Microbiota

Background: The prevalence of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (RNET) has increased substantially over the past decades. Little is known on mechanistic alteration in the pathogenesis of such disease. We postulate that perturbations of human gut microbiome-metabolome interface influentially affect the development of RNET. The study aims to characterize the composition and function of faecal microbiome and metabolites in RNET individuals. Methods: We performed deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomic profiling of faecal samples from the discovery cohort (18 RNET patients, 40 controls), and validated the microbiome and metabolite-based classifiers in an independent cohort (15 RNET participants, 19 controls). Results: We uncovered a dysbiotic gut ecological microenvironment in RNET patients, characterized by aberrant depletion and attenuated connection of microbial species, and abnormally aggregated lipids and lipid-like molecules. Functional characterization based on our in-house and Human Project Unified Metabolic Analysis Network 2 (HUMAnN2) pipelines further indicated a nutrient deficient gut microenvironment in RNET individuals, evidenced by diminished activities such as energy metabolism, vitamin biosynthesis and transportation. By integrating these data, we revealed 291 robust associations between representative differentially abundant taxonomic species and metabolites, indicating a tight interaction of gut microbiome with metabolites in RNET pathogenesis. Finally, we identified a cluster of gut microbiome and metabolite-based signatures, and replicated them in an independent cohort, showing accurate prediction of such neoplasm from healthy people. Conclusions: Our current study is the first to comprehensively characterize the perturbed interface of gut microbiome and metabolites in RNET patients, which may provide promising targets for microbiome-based diagnostics and therapies for this disorder.

Faecal microbiome and metabolic signatures in rectal neuroendocrine tumors

Probiotics and their products are the classic way to treat and prevent gastrointestinal diseases. In this study, the authors designed new combinations and doses of probiotic beverages for antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Group S1 was different from the other groups, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Bifidobacterium lactis BI-07. Its inulin content was higher than those of the other groups. Mice were induced with a 16-day administration of triple antibiotics in advance for 2 weeks prior to antibiotic treatment. In the experiment, the treatment group returned to normal more quickly than the placebo group. In group S1, the relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus increased, and the structure of the microbiota was the closest to normal among all groups. In conclusion, the combinations of probiotic beverages effectively caused structural recovery of the gut and fecal microbiota against antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and the S1 formula showed the best efficacy.

New compound probiotic beverage protects against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice by modulating the microbiota.

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Supplementation of Bacillus sp. DU-106 Alleviates Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Association with the Regulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Mice

Sacha Inchi Oil Press-Cake Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Anti-Hyperuricemic Activity via Attenuating Renal Damage and Regulating Gut Microbiota

Faecal microbiome and metabolic signatures in rectal neuroendocrine tumors

New compound probiotic beverage protects against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice by modulating the microbiota.