This paper examines QR Codes and how they can be used to attack both human interaction and automated systems. As the encoded information is intended to be machine readable only, a human cannot distinguish between a valid and a maliciously manipulated QR code. While humans might fall for phishing attacks, automated readers are most likely vulnerable to SQL injections and command injections. Our contribution consists of an analysis of the QR Code as an attack vector, showing different attack strategies from the attackers point of view and exploring their possible consequences.

QR code security

A method for detection and use of device identifiers to enhance the security of data transfers between electronic devices. A first electronic device can transmit access data to a second electronic device. The access data can be associated with a first access code that can be generated based at least in part on data representing a device identifier of the first electronic device. A device identifier can uniquely identify the first electronic device from a plurality of electronic devices. Transferring the access data can involve transforming the first access code into a second access code that can include data representing a device identifier associated with the second electronic device. Transforming the first access code into the second access code can facilitate access to a resource associated with the access data for a second user, but not for a first user.

System and method for using unique device indentifiers to enhance security

A method comprises receiving a request to add a stored-value card to an electronic wallet via interpreting an intelligent code which directs a user to a URL for an electronic wallet website; prompting a user for credentials to enter the electronic wallet website; determining whether the stored-value card already exists in the electronic wallet; and adding the stored-value card to the electronic wallet. A system comprises a computer device to receive a request to add a stored-value card to an electronic wallet via interpreting an intelligent code which directs a user to a URL for an electronic wallet website; to prompt a user for credentials to enter the electronic wallet website, to determine possession of the stored-value card, to determine whether the stored-value card already exists in the electronic wallet, and to add the stored-value card to the electronic wallet.

System and method for using intelligent codes to add a stored-value card to an electronic wallet

A method and system for packetized advertising carried out with machine readable and decodable information indicia, where the packetized advertisements are formed by associating any combination of a plurality of products and services with the information indicia. In response to a device capturing an image of the information indicia a universal resource locator (URL) is generated. The URL generates a webpage with a series of URL that correspond to the plurality of products and services that are associated with the captured information indicia.

Packetized advertising utilizing information indicia

This work examines QR codes and how they can be used to attack both human interaction and automated systems. As the encoded information is intended to be machine readable only, a human cannot distinguish between a valid and a maliciously manipulated QR code. While humans might fall for phishing attacks, automated readers are most likely vulnerable to well-known types of attacks where input data is not sanitized properly such as SQL and command injections. Our contribution consists of an analysis of the QR code as an attack vector, showing different attack strategies from the attackers point of view and exploring their possible consequences in a proof-of-concept phishing attack against QR codes, that is based on the idea of changing the content of a QR code by just turning white modules (pixels) into black ones.

https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9789491216701-c2.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1349145-p174536673

Malicious Pixels Using QR Codes as Attack Vector

The present document describes the features, the applications, the functionalities and the benefits of the 2d barcodes, pictorial machine-readable representations of information and data. A 2D barcode can represent encoded information like a business card or a website address. Different formats and standards are available. Mobile phones with digital camera can act as barcode reader: a software client installed on the mobile phone controls the digital camera in order to acquire, scan and decode a 2D barcode, and retrieve the information from the Internet. 2D barcodes' main application field is mobile multimedia content consumption with particular reference to advertising; according a typical use case, a user: 1. finds a barcode printed on a magazine, for instance in an advertising; 2. launches the application on the mobile phone and scans the barcodes; 3. retrieves a URL form a WAP pages and watches a video clip streamed over 3G network. As a result, a website can be accessed with the mobile browser; a multimedia content can be played with the mobile phone's media player; additionally, this technology enable users to directly call a phone number o send a text message just acquiring and decoding a tag. From the publisher's perspective, 2D barcodes give the users the ability to learn more about a story and watch related multimedia content. From the advertisers' perspective, 2D barcodes are also an effective mean to reach a wider audience; by acquiring a barcode, consumers can enjoy at least two kinds of mobile multimedia content: commercials of products or services and premium content (music video clips...) starting with an advertisement. From the mobile network operators' perspective, tags can help to boost mobile value added services, mobile browsing and mobile Internet subscriptions. 2D barcodes bring an innovative approach to multimedia mobile consumption as they allow users to retrieve digital content from a picture printed on paper and to experience valuable information in mobility, without typing long URLs.

Use of 2D Barcode to Access Multimedia Content and the Web from a Mobile Handset

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Use of 2D Barcode to Access Multimedia Content and the Web from a Mobile Handset