Influence of Bubbles on the Energy Conversion Efficiency of Electrochemical Reactors

Bubbles are known to influence energy and mass transfer in gas evolving electrodes. However, we lack a detailed understanding on the intricate dependencies between bubble evolution processes and electrochemical phenomena. This review discusses our current knowledge on the effects of bubbles on electrochemical systems with the aim to identify opportunities and motivate future research in this area. We first provide a base background on the physics of bubble evolution as it relates to electrochemical processes. Then we outline how bubbles affect energy efficiency of electrode processes, detailing the bubble-induced impacts on activation, ohmic and concentration overpotentials. Lastly, we describe different strategies to mitigate losses and how to exploit bubbles to enhance electrochemical reactions.

This article aims to provide a state-of-the-art assessment of the research work carried out so far in microbubble-aided transport processes The different methods of microbubble generation and the properties of microbubble have been reported in this article The different components that constitute the microbubble are also discussed The characteristics of microbubble are pointed out The measuring methods of zeta potential in microbubble system are described This article provides an update of important research works in the microbubble technology This article also reports the important future research scope and their significance in the microbubble flow system For researchers, this article may be useful for further research in microbubble technology

Microbubble generation and microbubble-aided transport process intensification—A state-of-the-art report

In recent years, shape memory alloy (SMA) thin films have attracted significant attention from the scientific community and industry for their potential applications in the field of smart sensors and actuators, micro- and nano-electromechanical systems, aerospace, automobile, and biomedical. The present article focuses on the recent developments in the field of SMA thin films and their heterostructures with other materials for potential microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications. Various microdevices such as microgrippers, micropumps, microvalves, and cantilevers fabricated from binary and ternary SMA films have been discussed in detail. SMA thin films combined with various nitrides, oxides, and ferroelectric layers offer excellent surface modification and vibration damping at microscale for their use in harsh environments. The article encompasses the new paradigms in the field of SMA thin films that have been essentially developed by the authors and co-workers during the past 6 years.

Shape memory alloy thin films and heterostructures for MEMS applications: A review

Aerated gels contain both bubbles and entrapped water, thus offering ample versatility in product development. Dispersed air (or other gases) provides an additional phase within the gel that may accommodate new textural and functional demands. Many food polymers form gels and their target properties may be enhanced by combining materials (mixed polymer gels) or introducing a finely dispersed fat phase (emulsion gels). Traditional methods to generate bubbles in foods as well as non-conventional technologies (membrane processes, microfluidics, etc.) are revised and their potential applications in producing aerated gels are discussed. Aerated gels may find applications in reducing the caloric density of foods and inducing satiety, as carriers of flavors and nutrients, and in novel gastronomic structures.

Aerated food gels: fabrication and potential applications

Micro-fabricated electrolytic micro-bubblers

This study investigated the development of microbubble injection using a MEMS-based electrolytic device capable of generating small bubbles introduced with nearly zero injection velocity. Three generations of electrolytic microbubblers with gold electrodes and photoresist (PR) as an insulator were fabricated. The objective for the first-generation microbubbler was to understand the influence of voltage and flow speed. The goal of the second-generation microbubbler was to understand the influence of electrode area and spacing, the distance between the cathode and anode. The purpose of the third generation device was to investigate the effect of electrode shape as well as further reduction in the size and spacing of the electrodes. Measurements of the sizes of the bubbles and the bubble generation rates of a first-generation device in a square water channel at different voltages and under different flow conditions were taken. At all but the lowest applied voltage, more than 65% of the observed bubbles were less than 50 μm in diameter. As the applied voltage was increased, the mean bubble diameter and the variation from the mean decreased while bubble generation rates increased. As the flow increased, mean bubble diameter and the deviation from the mean decreased as well. For the second-generation devices, the largest mean bubble diameter and smallest percentage of bubbles smaller than 50 μm occurred at an intermediate value of the ratio between the electrode size and the electrode spacing of approximately 0.7. For the third generation devices, increased detachment frequency occurred with the circular geometries, compared to triangular or square node shapes. The minimum allowable spacing between two electrodes to avoid coalescence was approximately 1.5 times the electrode diameter.Copyright © 2003 by ASME

MEMS-Based Electrolytic Microbubbler in a Water Channel

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Micro-fabricated electrolytic micro-bubblers

MEMS-Based Electrolytic Microbubbler in a Water Channel