The article provides a review of the state-of-art non-destructive testing (NDT) methods used for evaluation of integrated circuit (IC) packaging. The review identifies various types of the defects and the capabilities of most common NDT methods employed for defect detection. The main aim of this paper is to provide a detailed review on the common NDT methods for IC packaging addressing their principles of operation, advantages, limitations and suggestions for improvement. The current methods such as, X-ray, scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), infrared thermography (IRT), magnetic current imaging (MCI) and surface acoustic waves (SAW) are explicitly reviewed. The uniqueness of the paper lies in comprehensive comparison of the current NDT methods, recommendations for the improvements, and introduction of new candidate NDT technologies, which can be adopted for IC packaging.

An Overview of Non-Destructive Testing Methods for Integrated Circuit Packaging Inspection.

Time-domain Brillouin scattering is an all-optical experimental technique based on ultrafast lasers applied for generation and detection of coherent acoustic pulses on time durations of picoseconds and length scales of nanometers. In transparent materials, scattering of the probe laser beam by the coherent phonons permits imaging of sample inhomogeneity. The transient optical reflectivity of the sample recorded by the probe beam as the acoustic nanopulse propagates in space contains information on the acoustical, optical, and acousto-optical parameters of the material under study. The experimental method is based on a heterodyning where weak light pulses scattered by the coherent acoustic phonons interfere at the photodetector with probe light pulses of significantly higher amplitude reflected from various interfaces of the sample. The time-domain Brillouin scattering imaging is based on Brillouin scattering and has the potential to provide all the information that researchers in materials science, physics, chemistry, biology, etc., get with classic frequency-domain Brillouin scattering of light. It can be viewed as a replacement for Brillouin scattering and Brillouin microscopy in all investigations where nanoscale spatial resolution is either required or advantageous. Here, we review applications of time-domain Brillouin scattering for imaging of nanoporous films, ion-implanted semiconductors and dielectrics, texture in polycrystalline materials and inside vegetable and animal cells, and for monitoring the transformation of nanosound caused by nonlinearity and focusing. We also discuss the perspectives and the challenges for the future.

Advances in applications of time-domain Brillouin scattering for nanoscale imaging

Time-domain Brillouin scattering is an all-optical experimental technique based on ultrafast lasers applied for generation and detection of coherent acoustic pulses on time durations of picoseconds and length scales of nanometers. In transparent materials scattering of the probe laser beam by the coherent phonons permits imaging of sample inhomogeneity. The transient optical reflectivity of the sample recorded by the probe beam as the acoustic nanopulse propagates in space contains information on the acoustical, optical, and acousto-optical parameters of the material under study. The experimental method is based on a heterodyning where weak light pulses scattered by the coherent acoustic phonons interfere at the photodetector with probe light pulses of significantly higher amplitude reflected from various interfaces of the sample. The time-domain Brillouin scattering imaging is based on Brillouin scattering and has the potential to provide all the information that researchers in material science, physics, chemistry, biology etc., get with classic frequency-domain Brillouin scattering of light. It can be viewed as a replacement for Brillouin scattering and Brillouin microscopy in all investigations where nanoscale spatial resolution is either required or advantageous. Here we review applications of time-domain Brillouin scattering for imaging of nanoporous films, ion-implanted semiconductors and dielectrics, texture in polycrystalline materials and inside vegetable and animal cells, and for monitoring the transformation of nanosound caused by nonlinearity and focusing. We also discuss the perspectives and the challenges for the future.

We explore from both the theoretical and experimental points of view the influence of the laser wavelength on the strain pulses detected in thin transparent layers using the picosecond ultrasonic technique. From a theoretical analysis of the displacement detection involved in such experiments, we predict amplitude and sign changes in the detected signals as the laser is tuned. Experimental results performed on various samples and at different wavelengths are found to be in excellent agreement with the theoretical description. Several applications based on the high sensitivity of the phenomenon are finally proposed.

/pdf/high-laser-wavelength-sensitivity-of-the-picosecond-2sdba6nymx.pdf

High laser-wavelength sensitivity of the picosecond ultrasonic response in transparent thin films

We study the elastic properties of two-dimensional phononic crystals made of aluminum nanocube lattices. From the experimental point of view, collective modes resulting from the coupling between cubes inside the crystal are excited and time resolved using ultrafast acoustics. We derive a general theoretical model of the collective modes. From the analytical expression we discuss the influence of numerous crystal parameters on the detected frequencies. We then present experimental results on various samples which all exhibit an excellent agreement with the model. The theoretical description reveals that collective modes propagate along the sample surface. From that we propose to use such modes for measuring the in-plane elastic properties of thin films.

/pdf/collective-acoustic-modes-in-various-two-dimensional-5aa5y5w5qs.pdf

Collective acoustic modes in various two-dimensional crystals by ultrafast acoustics : Theory and experiment

Synthetic diamond thin or thick films are suitable materials for many applications because of their weak friction coefficient and their large hardness, Young modulus, and thermal conductivity. A series of diamond thin films of variable quality obtained by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition lying on titanium alloy substrates has been studied by picosecond ultrasonics. Femtosecond laser pulses allow the generation and detection of picosecond acoustic pulses that can be used to study the elastic properties of thin micrometric and submicrometric films. Acoustic fields generated in the substrate and propagating in the transparent diamond film are detected by an interferometric technique; they give rise to oscillations and abrupt step-like changes in the transient reflectivity variations. An analysis of these different features allows the determination of various characteristics of these films, such as longitudinal elastic constant, thickness, and roughness in terms of the diamond quality.

Nondestructive evaluation of micrometric diamond films with an interferometric picosecond ultrasonics technique

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Nondestructive evaluation of micrometric diamond films with an interferometric picosecond ultrasonics technique