The characteristics of 22–40keV Kα x-ray sources are measured. These high-energy sources are produced by 100TW and petawatt high-intensity lasers and will be used to develop and implement workable radiography solutions to probe high-Z and dense materials for the high-energy density experiments. The measurements show that the Kα source size from a simple foil target is larger than 60μm, too large for most radiography applications. The total Kα yield is independent of target thicknesses, verifying that refluxing plays a major role in photon generation. Smaller radiating volumes emit brighter Kα radiation. One-dimensional radiography experiments using small-edge-on foils resolved 10μm features with high contrast. Experiments were performed to test a variety of small volume two-dimensional point sources such as cones, wires, and embedded wires, measured photon yields, and compared the measurements with predictions from hybrid-particle-in-cell simulations. In addition to high-energy, high-resolution backlighte...

/pdf/high-energy-ka-radiography-using-high-intensity-short-pulse-51ll2v098v.pdf

High-energy Kα radiography using high-intensity, short-pulse lasersa)

We present a new operating mode, using a charged coupled device as dispersionless spectrometer dedicated to repetitive x-ray sources in the multi-keV domain This enables to get spectra with high statistics in a short acquisition time and a way compatible with the operation of other diagnostics requiring accumulation Several reconstruction algorithms for the spreading events are discussed, and a near Fano-limited resolution is demonstrated by using single pixel events In this case, a method to take into account partial canceling of the events is presented Experimental characterization and detailed modeling of the detector are performed, which allow to determine absolute number of photon with ±35% accuracy Characterization of the 5–25 keV x rays emitted by a short pulse laser-produced plasma is reported, as well as their dependency with the atomic number, the laser duration, and energy

Broadband, high dynamics and high resolution charge coupled device-based spectrometer in dynamic mode for multi-keV repetitive x-ray sources.

The nucleogenic isotopes 36 Cl, 236 U and 239 Pu are produced naturally in subsurface environments via neutron capture of thermal and epithermal neutrons. Concentrations are, however, very low and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is required for quantitative measurements. A particular challenge is presented by the measurement of 236 U/ 238 U ratios down to the level of 10 −13 that is expected from rocks with low uranium concentration. Here, we present the AMS methodology that has been developed at the ANU for measuring 236 U/ 238 U ratios at this level. The more established methodologies for 36 Cl and 239 Pu measurements are also summarised. These capabilities are then used to characterize the 36 Cl, 236 U and 239 Pu concentrations in a range of uranium ores. A simple model of the neutron production and capture processes in subsurface environments has been developed and is presented. It is shown that nucleogenic 36 Cl, 236 U and 239 Pu can be used to determine both thermal and epithermal neutron fluxes in subsurface environments. Potential applications include uranium exploration and monitoring of the environmental impact of uranium mining.

Nucleogenic 36Cl, 236U and 239Pu in uranium ores

The use of a single-photon–counting x-ray charge-coupled device (CCD) camera as an x-ray spectrometer is a well-established technique in ultrashort-pulse laser experiments. In single-photon–counting mode, the pixel value of each readout pixel is proportional to the energy deposited from the incident x-ray photon. For photons below 100 keV, a significant fraction of the events deposits all the energy in a single pixel. A histogram of the pixel readout values gives a good approximation of the x-ray spectrum. This technique requires almost no alignment, but it is very sensitive to signal-to-background issues, especially in a high-energy petawatt environment. Shielding the direct line of sight to the target was not sufficient to obtain a high-quality spectrum, for the experiments reported here the CCD camera had to be shielded from all sides with up to 10 cm of lead.

Operation of a single-photon–counting x-ray charge-coupled device camera spectrometer in a petawatt environment

A CCD calibration system based on a laser-plasma X-ray source has been developed. The system is particularly suited for CCD calibration in the soft X-ray spectral range and allows the user to continuously tune in energy the incident radiation. This last issue is of great interest when studying the X-ray response of Si detectors near the K-edge. We report on the use of this facility for calibration of a back-illuminated CCD for single-photon spectroscopy of laser-plasma emission.

A laser-plasma source for CCD calibration in the soft X-ray range

We report on the hard X-ray response of the CCD detector for the X-ray imaging spectrometer (XIS), to be launched on the next Japanese X-ray Astronomical Satellite, ASTRO-E, in February 2000. XIS is prepared by an international team, comprised of MIT (USA), ISAS, Osaka University and Kyoto University (JAPAN). We have evaluated the X-ray response of the XIS in its high-energy band (1.5–10 keV). Data from the fluorescent line emission of Al, Cl, Ti, Ni, Fe, Zn, Se were used to construct the response function of the CCD detectors. Details of the response function – including the energy-scale, linearity, energy resolution, quantum efficiency –, are given as a function of incident X-ray energy. We find that the tail component of high-energy photopeaks are produced by events with incomplete charge collection. We also conclude that the size of the charge clouds can be estimated using the shapes of the tail components.

http://wwwxray.ess.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp/~hayasida/Study/papers/XISresponse_ssd21.pdf

The hard X-ray response of the XIS-CCD for Astro-E: qualification of the X-ray CCD detector

X-ray All-Sky Monitor on JEM of the Space Station - MAXI (Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image)

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The hard X-ray response of the XIS-CCD for Astro-E: qualification of the X-ray CCD detector

X-ray All-Sky Monitor on JEM of the Space Station - MAXI (Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image)