We present a study of the long term variability of Jupiter’s mid-infrared CH4 auroral emissions. 7.7–7.9 μm images of Jupiter recorded by NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility, Subaru and Gemini-South over the last three decades were collated in order to quantify the magnitude and timescales over which the northern auroral hotspot’s CH4 emission varies. These emissions predominantly sound the 10- to 1-mbar pressure range and therefore highlight the temporal variability of lower-stratospheric auroral-related heating. We find that the ratio of the radiance of the poleward northern auroral emissions to a lower-latitude zonal-mean, henceforth ‘Relative Poleward Radiance’ or RPR, exhibits variability over a 37% range and over a range of apparent timescales. We searched for patterns of variability in order to test whether seasonally varying solar insolation, the 11-year solar cycle, or short-term solar wind variability at Jupiter’s magnetopause could explain the observed evolution. The variability of the RPR exhibits a weak (r < 0.2) correlation with both the instantaneous and phase-lagged solar insolation received at Jupiter’s high-northern latitudes. This rules out the hypothesis suggested in previous work (e.g. Sinclair et al. 2017a, 2018) that shortwave solar heating of aurorally produced haze particles is the dominant auroral-related heating mechanism in the lower stratosphere. We also find the variability exhibits negligible (r < 0.18) correlation with both the instantaneous and phase-lagged monthly-mean sunspot number, which therefore rules out a long-term variability associated with the solar cycle. On shorter timescales, we find moderate correlations of the RPR with solar wind conditions at Jupiter in the preceding days before images were recorded. For example, we find correlations of r = 0.45 and r = 0.51 of the RPR with the mean and standard deviation solar wind dynamical pressure in the preceding 7 days. The moderate correlation suggests that either: (1) only a subset of solar wind compressions lead to brighter, poleward CH4 emissions and/or (2) a subset of CH4 emission brightening events are driven by internal magnetospheric processes (e.g. Io activity) and independent of solar wind enhancements. 

Long-term variability of Jupiter’s northern auroral 8-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="d1e1439" altimg="si198.svg"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mml:mi></mml:math>m CH<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="d1e1444"

We have analyzed the 2-μm spectro-images of the polar haze of Jupiter, which were observed by the JIRAM/Juno between 2016 and 2021, to study the vertical and latitudinal distributions of the polar haze and its absorption and scattering properties. We construct 2-μm brightness maps of the polar haze by selecting specific spectral ranges where the haze spectral features are revealed. The constructed haze images show no distinctive structure above the 55oN/S latitudes showing fairly uniform and symmetrical distribution around the poles. We find no traces of the recently discovered stratospheric polar jets seen at radio wavelengths (Cavalié et al., 2021), of the circumpolar waves seen in the UV and around 8900 Å (e.g., Vincent et al., 2000; Barrado-Izagirre et al., 2008), nor of the mid-IR hot/bright spots on these images. These non-detections indicate that the major polar haze layers are lower than the jets and the mid-IR bright spots, but possibly higher than the circumpolar waves, and the thermal radiation from the mid-IR hot spots is negligible at 2 μm. We construct synthetic spectra between 2.0 and 2.5 μm, compare them with the JIRAM polar spectra, and find that the 2-μm polar haze is mostly located between 3 and 40 mbar pressure levels, approximately consistent with the previous results of Kim et al. (1991b), and also the literature values. We attempt to derive the anisotropic scattering properties of the haze particles for scattering angles between 60o and 120o, which is the only available range. The derived anisotropy tends to be moderate, but we are unable to determine a definite anisotropy within the statistical error bars of the observed data. We also derive the haze optical depths and single scattering albedos between 2.0 and 2.5 μm. The derived spectral structure of the opacity is roughly similar to those of hydrocarbon and nitrile ices of Titan retrieved by Sim et al. (2013) suggesting similar chemical compositions and possibly similar formation scenarios for Jupiter's haze particles but excluding nitrile ices. 

Spatial and spectral characteristics of the Jovian polar haze inferred from 2-μm Juno/JIRAM spectro-images

Transient energetic particles as the origin of the mid-infrared north polar hotspot of Jupiter

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Transient energetic particles as the origin of the mid-infrared north polar hotspot of Jupiter