The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.

Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents

Certain plants products widely used in the traditional medicine system of India were studied for immunostimulant activity. In the present study, strong stimulation of antigen specific and non specific immunity was evidenced by increase in haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre, plaque forming cells (PFC) and in macrophage migration index (MMI), in mice fed with 50% ethanolic extract of these plants. The observation provides scientific basis for wide spread use of these plant products which are likely to play a role in Indian traditional medicine as tonic for rejuvenation therapy and chronic ailments.

	Key words: Macrophage migration index, haemagglutinating antibody, immunostimulant.

/pdf/techniques-for-evaluation-of-medicinal-plant-products-as-5emujvyl0b.pdf

Techniques for evaluation of medicinal plant products as antimicrobial agents: Current methods and future trends

Section I. Introduction to the Sunflower Family.- 1. Biology and Distribution.- 2. Classification, Phylogeny and Biogeography.- Section II. Introduction to the Flavonoids.- 3. The Use of Flavonoids as Taxonomic Markers.- 4. Structural Variation of the Flavonoids of Asteraceae.- 5. Biosynthesis of Flavonoids.- 6. Biological Functions of Flavonoids.- Section III. Flavonoid Data.- 7. Flavonoids of Anthemideae.- 8. Flavonoids of Astereae.- 9. Flavonoids of Calenduleae and Cardueae.- 10. Flavonoids of Eupatorieae.- 11. Flavonoids of Heliantheae s.l.- 12. Flavonoids of Inuleae s.l.- 13. Flavonoids of Lactuceae.- 14. Flavonoids of Mutisieae and Barnadesioideae.- 15. Flavonoids of Senecioneae.- 16. Flavonoids of Tageteae.- 17. Flavonoids of Vernonieae and Liabeae.- Section IV. Efficacy of Flavonoids at Different Taxonomic Levels.- 18. Flavonoids at the Subfamilial Level.- 19. Flavonoids at the Tribal Level.- 20. Flavonoids at the Subtribal Level.- 21. Flavonoids at the Generic Level.- 22. Flavonoids at the Specific Level.- 23. Flavonoids at Infraspecific Levels.- Section V. Flavonoids as Indicators of the Evolutionary Process.- 24. Flavonoids and Populational Variation.- 25. Flavonoids and Hybridization and Introgression.- Section VI. Flavonoids and Phylogeny.- 26. Flavonoid Relationships with other Families.- 27. Evolution of the Flavonoid System in Asteraceae.- Addendum.- References.- Common Names of Flavonoids Used in This Book and Their Equivalents.- Chemical Index.- Taxon Index.

https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/productFlyer/productFlyer_978-3-211-83479-4.pdf?SGWID=0-0-1297-2113255-0

Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)

Anti-diabetic properties of three common Bidens pilosa variants in Taiwan

Occurrences, biosynthesis and properties of aurones as high-end evolutionary products.

From the leaves of Microglossa pyrifolia Lam. (Asteraceae) four new acetylenic glucosides (1-4) have been isolated. The aglucones 2a and 4a are new polyynes. The aglucone 3a could only be isolated as a mixture of E/Z-isomers in a ratio of 4:1. The structures of 1-4 were elucidated by spectroscopic and biochemical methods. Compound 1 shows antibacterial activity.

Acetylenic glucosides from Microglossa pyrifolia.

Acetylated Aurone Glucosides from Microglossa pyrifolia1.

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Acetylenic glucosides from Microglossa pyrifolia.

Acetylated Aurone Glucosides from Microglossa pyrifolia1.