10. Patented Literature 2616 10.1. Esterification 2616 10.2. Ether Formation 2619 10.2.1. Etherification without Cyclization 2619 10.2.2. Etherification with Cyclization 2624 10.3. N-Alkylation 2625 10.4. Other Reactions 2627 11. Summary and Outlook 2628 12. Note Added in Proof 2628 13. Abbreviations Used in This Review 2629 14. Acknowledgments 2629 15. Supporting Information Available 2630 16. References 2630

Mitsunobu and Related Reactions: Advances and Applications

A substantial amount of work has been carried out in the area of nanocomposite materials for optical applications. Composites are typically constructed by embedding an optically functional phase into a processable, transparent matrix material. By doing so, the optical properties can be utilized in more technologically important forms such as films and fibers. This review covers many areas of optical composite research to date. Composites with second- and third-order nonlinearities and laser amplification properties are discussed with examples from the recent literature. Other composites, including transparent magnets, may be made using similar structures. The principles used to construct these composites may have important technological applications soon and are therefore summarized in this review.

Nanocomposite Materials for Optical Applications

Functional hybrids are nanocomporie umterials lying at the interfoce of organic and inorganic realnts, whose high sersatility offers a wide range of possibilities to eloborate tailor-made materials in terms of chemical and physical properties. Because they present several advantogys for derigning materialy for opticol applications (versatile and relativrly facite chemistry, easy shaping and patierning, materials having good mechanical integrity and cacrdlent optical quality), numerous silica or/and silaxane tussed hytirid orgunic-inorganic materiois imve been developed in the past few years. The men striking examples of fonctional hybrids exhibiting emission properties (solid-state dye lasers rare-carth doped hybridslads, electronuminescent devices), absorption properties (photockiomic), nonlinear optical (NLO) porperties (second-order NLO properties, phoiochemical hole burning (PHB), photorefractivity), and sensing are sunimorized in this review.

Optical properties of functional hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites

The present invention relates generally to sub-microelectronic circuitry, and more particularly to nanometer-scale articles, including nanoscale wires which can be selectively doped at various locations and at various levels. In some cases, the articles may be single crystals. The nanoscale wires can be doped, for example, differentially along their length, or radially, and either in terms of identity of dopant, concentration of dopant, or both. This may be used to provide both n-type and p-type conductivity in a single item, or in different items in close proximity to each other, such as in a crossbar array. The fabrication and growth of such articles is described, and the arrangement of such articles to fabricate electronic, optoelectronic, or spintronic devices and components. For example, semiconductor materials can be doped to form n-type and p-type semiconductor regions for making a variety of devices such as field effect transistors, bipolar transistors, complementary inverters, tunnel diodes, light emitting diodes, sensors, and the like.

Nanoscale wires and related devices

A bulk-doped semiconductor that is at least one of the following: a single crystal, an elongated and bulk-doped semiconductor that, at any point along its longitudinal axis, has a largest cross-sectional dimension less than 500 nanometers, and a free-standing and bulk-doped semiconductor with at least one portion having a smallest width of less than 500 nanometers. Such a semiconductor may comprise an interior core comprising a first semiconductor; and an exterior shell comprising a different material than the first semiconductor. Such a semiconductor may be elongated and may have, at any point along a longitudinal section of such a semiconductor, a ratio of the length of the section to a longest width is greater than 4:1, or greater than 10:1, or greater than 100:1, or even greater than 1000:1. At least one portion of such a semiconductor may a smallest width of less than 200 nanometers, or less than 150 nanometers, or less than 100 nanometers, or less than 80 nanometers, or less than 70 nanometers, or less than 60 nanometers, or less than 40 nanometers, or less than 20 nanometers, or less than 10 nanometers, or even less than 5 nanometers. Such a semiconductor may be a single crystal and may be free-standing. Such a semiconductor may be either lightly n-doped, heavily n-doped, lightly p-doped or heavily p-doped. Such a semiconductor may be doped during growth. Such a semiconductor may be part of a device, which may include any of a variety of devices and combinations thereof, and a variety of assembling techniques may be used to fabricate devices from such a semiconductor. Two or more of such a semiconductors, including an array of such semiconductors, may be combined to form devices, for example, to form a crossed p-n junction of a device. Such devices at certain sizes may exhibit quantum confinement and other quantum phenomena, and the wavelength of light emitted from one or more of such semiconductors may be controlled by selecting a width of such semiconductors. Such semiconductors and device made therefrom may be used for a variety of applications.

Doped elongated semiconductors, growing such semiconductors, devices including such semiconductors, and fabricating such devices

A conductive polymer is formed enzymatically in the presence of a polynucleotide template. The method includes combining at least one redox monomer with a polynucleotide template and a redox enzyme, such as horseradish peroxidase, to form a reaction mixture. The monomer aligns along the template before or during the polymerization. Therefore, the polynucleotide template thereby affects the molecular weight and conformation of the conductive polymer. When the conductive polymer is complexed to a polynucleotide duplex, the conformation of the polynucleotide duplex can be modulated by changing the oxidation state of the conductive polymer.

Enzymatic template polymerization

A series of diacetylenic monomers containing at least one aromatic substituent were synthesized Since the aromatic side group is a rigid, pyrimidyl ring, it is necessary that the other side group has a high degree of flexibility to permit polymerization in the monomer single crystal Among the five monomers synthesized, only 8-[[(butoxycarbonyl)methyl]urethanyl]-1-(5-pyrimidyl)octa-1,3-diyne (BPOD) monomer crystals turned into a polymer upon γ-irradiation with 68% monomer-to-polymer conversion Poly(BPOD) is metallic red as polymerized and highly soluble in chloroform and undergoes a dramatic color transition from red (λ max =510 nm) to purple (λ max =599 nm) upon the addition of a nonsolvent such as hexane

A Novel, Soluble Poly(diacetylene) Containing an Aromatic Substituent

A new guest-host system: towards stable second-order optical nonlinearity

Hematin, a hydroxyferriprotoporphyrin, is derivatized with one or more non-proteinaceous amphipathic groups. The derivatized hematin can serve as a mimic of horseradish peroxidase in polymerizing aromatic monomers, such as aromatic compounds. These derivatized hematins can also be used as catalysts in polymerizing aromatic monomers, and can exhibit significantly greater catalytic activity than underivatized hematin in acidic solutions. In one embodiment, polymerization is in the presence of a template, along which aromatic monomers align. An assembled hematin includes alternating layers of hematin and a polyelectrolyte, which are deposited on an electrically charged substrate. Assembled hematin can also be used to polymerize aromatic monomers.

Polymerization of aromatic monomers using derivatives of hematin

Schottky diodes of poly(3-undecylthiophene) containing fullerene C60

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