This manual provides methods for the development and evaluation of criteria and indicators (C&I) which can then be used to assess the sustainability of forest management. The manual is written primarily for researchers, people or groups interested in evaluating C&I for assessments of forests in new areas, or as a reference for readers wanting to know how CIFOR's Generic Template was produced. The methods presented are aimed at the development of sets of C&I for natural forest at the forest management unit level, especially in the tropics. Following an introductory chapter focusing on the overall purpose, specific objectives, and the C&I development process, three chapters explain how to prepare for C&I testing, how to conduct a test, and how to analyse the results. Subsequent chapters explain the conceptual basis of C&I development, with three case studies offered as examples, and suggested additional reading materials. Specific forms and tools that have been used in the course of CIFOR's testing are also presented, with examples of ways to present the results. The final chapter provides possible baseline sets of C&I, available to users for evaluation and testing in their own contexts.

/pdf/a-manual-of-diseases-of-tropical-acacias-in-australia-south-3stcnsai99.pdf

A manual of diseases of tropical acacias in Australia, South-East Asia and India

A wide variety of exotic tree pests can readily be transported into the United States on untreated wooden pallets, crating, bracing, and other solid wood packing materials (SWPM). Recent introductions of forest pests associated with importation of SWPM demonstrate that current United States import regulations are inadequate to exclude such pests. Nearly all (97 percent) of the quarantine-significant tree pests found by port inspectors are associated with SWPM. In spite of current bark-free import requirements, about 9 percent of maritime shipments contain bark, which provides habitat for numerous organisms. A pest risk assessment was conducted for the SWPM pathway to document risks associated with the pathway under current import requirements. The document includes a description of SWPM pathway characteristics and assessments of potential for pest entry and establishment. The potential consequences of pest introduction, including expected environmental and economic impacts, were also assessed. The pest risk assessment team selected 19 representative species or groups of insects and fungi of potential concern for detailed assessments to represent an array of geographical origins, host types, and pest habitats. Pest risk potentials were described in relation to current regulations and practices and without regard to potential mitigation measures or proposed regulations (i.e., baseline assessment). Experts evaluated seven risk elements for each potential pest to obtain an overall qualitative ranking (high, moderate, or low pest risk potential). Four of these elements related to likelihood of introduction: (1) pest with host or commodity at origin potential, (2) entry potential, (3) establishment potential, and (4) spread potential. Elements describing consequences of introduction included (5) economic damage potential, (6) environmental damage potential, and (7) social and political considerations. To improve rating consistency, objectivity, and transparency, risk criteria were developed to define each element. In addition to the qualitative rankings, quantitative projections of economic impact were developed for seven of the potential pest species or groups based upon hypothetical scenarios of introduction and spread. Cumulative economic impacts over 30 years following pest introduction are expected to range from the tens of millions to over a billion dollars, depending upon pest species, introduction location, spread rate, and damage level. Examples of high pest risk potential for the SWPM pathway exist in both temperate and tropical and subtropical regions of origin, both conifer and hardwood host types, and for the three primary pest habitats (in deep wood, under bark, on bark) of the SWPM host material being transported. Organisms with high pest risk potentials are unlikely to be excluded solely through inspection activities and associated interdiction actions at ports of entry. Given the ubiquity of the SWPM pathway, its associated pests, and the difficulties in tracing and identifying SWPM origins and compositions, it appears that worldwide application of more stringent importation requirements may be warranted.

Pest Risk Assessment for Importation of Solid Wood Packing Materials into the United States

The unmitigated risk potential of the introduction of exotic insects and pathogens to Hawai'i was evaluated for its impact on native plants, specifically Acacia koa, Cibotium spp., Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myoporum sandwicense, Pandanus tectorius, Scaevola spp., Sophora chrysophylla, and Vaccinium spp. Assessments were made by estimating the likelihood and consequences of introduction of representative insects and pathogens of concern. Likely pathways of introduction were assessed. Twenty-four individual pest risk assessments were prepared, 12 dealing with insects and 12 with pathogens. The selected organisms were representative examples of insects and pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the roots and wood of the native hosts of interest—or closely related host species—in other parts of the world. Six priority findings resulted from the analysis: Inspection alone is not 100 percent effective in preventing introductions. The primary sources of introductions are the mainland the United States and Asia-Pacific. There is a strong need to make visitors aware that they are a significant potential source of unwanted introductions. Plant materials, especially live plants, are by far the most important source of pest problems for Hawai'i. The solid wood packing material pathway needs more scrutiny. Many pests using this pathway have already become established in Hawai'i, and many more are on the list of potentials. Because Hawai'i Department of Forestry can only inspect wood packing material that is associated with agricultural commodities, and because wood packing material is not necessarily specified as associated with cargo, this is potentially a pathway that is being insufficiently inspected and regulated. The interstate movement of certain plant materials from Hawai‘i to the mainland is restricted without treatment and certification. Similar restrictions on interstate movement into Hawai‘i are not in place. For the most part, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service regulations do not discriminate between the mainland and islands of Hawai'i as far as potential threats. This includes some organisms that are native or commonly found on the mainland. Numerous other observations, both specific and general, are included in the pest risk assessment concerning detection surveys, regulations, and public education/public awareness of the dangers of introduced pests and pathogens.View or download the Appendix (3.2 MB)

https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr250/psw_gtr250.pdf

Risk and pathway assessment for the introduction of exotic insects and pathogens that could affect Hawai'i's native forests

In South-East Asia, forest plantations are increasingly important sources of industrial wood for the future; thereby indirectly playing a role in the conservation of natural forest resources. Exotic species are mostly being planted with the expectation of harvest after 15 years or earlier. Their growth rates have generally been encouraging, and some species have performed surprisingly well on poor sites. With the large-scale establishment of these species, several disease problems have emerged, some with the potential to reduce plantation productivity and value of the timber. Eucalypts are the most widely grown exotic plantation species in South-East Asia followed by acacias and teak. The main disease threats to eucalypts are stem cankers and leaf and shoot blight diseases. Acacia auriculforrnis and A. mangium are the most popular species of tropical acacias. A phyllode rust, heart rot and root rot are the most serious threats to these plantations. Although a number of diseases have been reported from teak, presently none appear to be particularly threatening. The most significant disease of tropical pines is a needle blight whereas a blister bark disease is the most serious threat to the two main species of casuarinas grown in South-East Asia, i.e. C. equisetfolia and C. junghuhniana. Paraserianthesfalcataria, a fast-growing legume is also popular but the success of these plantations may be limited by pink disease and a gall rust. Options for management of these disease threats are discussed.

Forest health in plantation forests in south-east asia

Studies on epidemiology and management of pink canker (Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Br.) in apple

Large scale mortality of Encalyptus tereticornis and E. grandis caused by Corticium salmonicolor in high rainfall locations in India is reported. Symptoms, incidence and epidemiology of the disease and pathogenicity of the fungus are worked out. Suitable alternative species based on performance and field resistance to the discase have been selected. Possibilities of fungicidal control of the disease are explored.

Pink disease of Eucalyptus in India

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Pink disease of Eucalyptus in India