Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. is a vital traditional herbal medicinal plant found in northeastern Asia. Its roots, fruits, and seeds are used as food and medicine. Roots harvested for medicinal use take over 3 yr to mature when the plant is grown in a traditional way through cultivation in the field. This coupled with uncertainty in identification of the plant when collected from the wild calls for a standard in vitro propagation system to meet the increasing demand for it. The purpose of this study was to develop a standard protocol for the in vitro micropropagation of T. kirilowii. Ten different media supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators were evaluated. At 5 wk, De Greef and Jacobs medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L−1 kinetin led to optimal shoot growth, while the same medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 indole 3-butyric acid induced optimal root growth, also at 5 wk. The micropropagated plants that were acclimatized for 8 wk in the greenhouse produced mature root tubers after planted in the field for 3 mo. Therefore, these findings provide a basis for future large-scale in vitro propagation of T. kirilowii.

In vitro propagation of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. through nodal segment shoot proliferation

The root tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Briet has been used over the years in traditional medicine to treat myriad of diseases. In this study, a standard in vitro mass production of P. ternata multiple egg-shaped micro-tubers (MESMT) protocol was developed to meet the increasing demand for P. ternata tubers. Ten different types of media, as well as different sucrose and plant growth regulators (PGRs) concentrations were evaluated for their suitability to enhance optimum P. ternata MESMT production. At 6 weeks of culture, LS medium supplemented with 6% sucrose, 1.0 mg/L BA cytokinin and 0.5 mg/L IAA auxin was the most suitable condition for the mass production of P. ternata MESMT. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses of the P. ternata MESMT harvested after 25 weeks of growth in soil showed a close similarity and drug equivalence to the commercialised P. ternata sample. Although these results provide a basis for future mass production of P. ternata MESMT, further testing should be conducted to validate this patented P. ternata MESMT (No. 10-1955009) for use in ethnomedicine. This is the first study to report on the optimal conditions for P. ternata MESMT increased mass production for traditional medicine purpose. This is first study on in vitro propagation of Pinellia ternata Multiple Egg-Shaped Micro-Tubers and provides an invaluable basis for its large-scale production to meet its demand in traditional medicine.

Mass production of Pinellia ternata multiple egg-shaped micro-tubers (MESMT) through optimized growth conditions for use in ethnomedicine

This present study evaluated the effects of processed P. multiflorum on osteogenesis using Sarcoma osteogenic (SaOS-2) cell lines and osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow-derived macrophage cells (BMM) and to elucidate differences in effect on the expression of bone-related proteins between commercially sold P. multiflorum and patented, in vitro-propagated Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) P. multiflorum. Raw P. multiflorum and P. multiflorum that were stir-baked and steamed in black bean juice were compared, and western blotting analysis was performed to investigate the expression of bone remodeling-related proteins in SaOS-2 cells. In the cells treated with P. multiflorum steamed in black bean juice, the expression of RANKL was decreased, whereas that of osteoprotegerin, alkaline phosphatase, Runx2, and osterix was increased. Owing to these results, we conclude that processed P. multiflorum can be used as an alternative treatment for bone diseases such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, periodontitis, and Paget's disease.

/pdf/effects-of-processed-polygonum-multiflorum-with-kiom-patent-4flqrpo5my.pdf

Effects of Processed Polygonum multiflorum with KIOM Patent on Bone Remodeling-Related Protein Expression in Human Osteoblast-Like SaOS-2 Cells.

Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC is a perennial plant belonging to the family Scropulariidae. The root of R. glutinosa is used in oriental medicine and mainly grown using rootstock rather than seed cultivation, which gives rise to several problems including root rot, and results in a low productivity and poor quality. To solve the challenges involved in R. glutinosa seed cultivation, our team previously used the formative features and genetic analysis of R. glutinosa to determine the optimal in vitro tissue culture conditions for producing sterile culture seedlings and rootstocks of R. glutinosa. The aim of the present study was to identify differences between R. glutinosa standard rootstock seedlings (SR), R. glutinosa culture rootstock seedlings (CR), and culture seedlings (CS) under field conditions. The reproductive characteristics of the aerial part were more robust while the area and length of leaves were smaller for SR than those for CR and CS. The characteristic that differed the most in SR was flowering, which did not occur in CR and CS. In addition, the fresh and dry weights of the subterranean parts of CR and CS were two-fold greater than those of SR. Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) analysis showed only slight differences between the chemical constituents of SR and its culture products, which was confirmed by measuring the content of catalpol, an indexing substance. Catalpol had a reduced content in the culture products compared to SR. However, this difference was not significant. Our findings will be useful for the identification of the best seedling type of R. glutinosa to enable its mass production.

Verification of the Field Productivity of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. Developed Through Optimized In Vitro Culture Method.

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. is a perennial plant that belongs to Polygonaceae. Root tissues are the main plant parts used as medicinal herbs in Korean oriental medicine. The P. multiflorum tuber is well known for its medicinal properties in Korean oriental medicine, and it contains a number of useful substances (secondary metabolites of emodin, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG), etc.) that are increasing in demand, as several studies show that they have beneficial effects on the human body. In this study, the production volumes and useful material content differences between cultured P. multiflorum seedlings (culture seedlings: CSs), which had been grown using a tissue culture technique under optimized conditions, and existing varieties in circulation (seed seedlings: SSs) were determined using a long-term field test. The growth characteristics of the underground parts were investigated by harvesting the tuberous roots (medicinal parts) after 1 year, and the results showed that the fresh and dry weights of the CS tubers were higher than those of the SS tubers. However, the SS rootlets had higher fresh and dry weights than the CS rootlets. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry component analysis of the P. multiflorum tubers and a Fourier transform near-infrared spectrophotometer analysis of the roots were undertaken. The results showed that the levels of TSG, which is a medicinal substance produced by P. multiflorum, were higher in the CSs than in the SSs, but the differences were not significant. The CS results from this study will inform future studies on the mass production of P. multiflorum in the field because the medicinal area was greater in CSs than in SSs.

https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/10/1280/pdf

Verification of the Field Productivity and Bioequivalence of a Medicinal Plant (Polygonum multiflorum) Developed Using an In Vitro Culture Method.

Maximizing seedling and root tuber production in Polygonum multiflorum for use in ethnomedicine

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Maximizing seedling and root tuber production in Polygonum multiflorum for use in ethnomedicine