Although differences in growth-form have been widely used in delimiting taxa of non-geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta), there has been no consistent application of the more than 100 terms employed to describe the growth-forms present, and considerable confusion has resulted. This study of over 5000 populations of non-geniculate corallines from all parts of the world has shown that an intergrading network of growth-forms with 10 focal points is present: unconsolidated, encrusting, warty, lumpy, fruticose, discoid, layered, foliose, ribbon-like and arborescent. This focal point terminology can be used to describe any specimen or species of non-geniculate coralline in a consistent, easily interpretable manner. Details of the system are provided, the relationships of the system to past proposals are discussed, and the extent to which differences in growth-forms can be used as taxonomic characters in the non-geniculate Corallinales is reviewed.

Growth-forms in non-geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta)

Deep rhodolith distribution in the Pontian Islands, Italy: a model for the paleoecology of a temperate sea

Coralline algal assemblages in upper Neogene reef and temperate carbonates in Southern Spain

https://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10566/904/BittnerEvolutionaryHistory2011.pdf?sequence=1

Evolutionary history of the Corallinales (Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta) inferred from nuclear, plastidial and mitochondrial genomes.

Preferential settlement of abalone larvae: diatom films vs. non-geniculate coralline red algae

An account of southern Australian species of Lithophyllum (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta)

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An account of southern Australian species of Lithophyllum (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta)