This paper presents a review of the experimental achievements related to the development of high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for many applications. In addition, this work gives a short overview on the present development status of frequency step-tunable and multi-frequency gyrotrons, coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, large orbit gyrotrons (LOGs), quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWOs, gyro-harmonic converters, gyro-peniotrons, magnicons, free electron masers (FEMs), and dielectric vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high-power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control, and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for clean generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 min (CPI and European KIT-SPC-THALES collaboration). The world record parameters of the European tube are as follows: 0.92 MW output power at 30-min pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity, and 44% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector (SDC) for energy recovery. A maximum output power of 1.5 MW in 4.0-s pulses at 45% efficiency was generated with the QST-TOSHIBA (now CANON) 110-GHz gyrotron. The Japan 170-GHz ITER gyrotron achieved 1 MW, 800 s at 55% efficiency and holds the energy world record of 2.88 GJ (0.8 MW, 60 min) and the efficiency record of 57% for tubes with an output power of more than 0.5 MW. The Russian 170-GHz ITER gyrotron obtained 0.99 (1.2) MW with a pulse duration of 1000 (100) s and 53% efficiency. The prototype tube of the European 2-MW, 170-GHz coaxial-cavity gyrotron achieved in short pulses the record power of 2.2 MW at 48% efficiency and 96% Gaussian mode purity. Gyrotrons with pulsed magnet for various short-pulse applications deliver Pout = 210 kW with τ = 20 μs at frequencies up to 670 GHz (η ≅ 20%), Pout = 5.3 kW at 1 THz (η = 6.1%), and Pout = 0.5 kW at 1.3 THz (η = 0.6%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require tubes with the following parameters: f > 24 GHz, Pout = 4–50 kW, CW, η > 30%. The CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz), respectively. The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in the USA obtained a record average power of 14.2 kW at a wavelength of 1.6 μm. The THz FEL (NOVEL) at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Russia achieved a maximum average power of 0.5 kW at wavelengths 50–240 μm (6.00–1.25 THz).

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-5avfirj4z9.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers

The next step in the Wendelstein stellarator line is the large superconducting device Wendelstein 7-X, currently under construction in Greifswald, Germany. Steady-state operation is an intrinsic feature of stellarators, and one key element of the Wendelstein 7-X mission is to demonstrate steady-state operation under plasma conditions relevant for a fusion power plant. Steady-state operation of a fusion device, on the one hand, requires the implementation of special technologies, giving rise to technical challenges during the design, fabrication and assembly of such a device. On the other hand, also the physics development of steady-state operation at high plasma performance poses a challenge and careful preparation. The electron cyclotron resonance heating system, diagnostics, experiment control and data acquisition are prepared for plasma operation lasting 30 min. This requires many new technological approaches for plasma heating and diagnostics as well as new concepts for experiment control and data acquisition.

/pdf/technical-challenges-in-the-construction-of-the-steady-state-1viqfkntc7.pdf

Technical challenges in the construction of the steady-state stellarator Wendelstein 7-X

This report gives an update of the worldwide experimental achievements in the development of long-pulse gyrotron oscillators for fusion plasma heating, plasma diagnostics and materials processing. In addition, this work gives a short overview of the present development status of coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, quasi-optical gyrotrons, cyclotron autoresonance masers, gyro-amplifiers, gyro-BWO's, free electron masers and of vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-1mmeiw5vph.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers. Update 2011. (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7606)

Dieser Bericht geht auf den experimentellen Stand von Hochleistungs-Gyrotron-Rohren fur verschiedene Anwendungen ein. Auserdem wird uber frequenzdurchstimmbare Gyrotrons, Multi-MW-Gyrotrons mit koaxialem Resonator, Gyrotrons fur technologische und spektroskopische Anwendungen, relativistische Gyrotrons, Zyklotron-Autoresonanz-Maser, Gyroklystrons, Gyro-TWT-und Gyrotwystron-Verstarker, Gyro-RWO, Gyro-Harmonische-Konvertoren Gyro-Peniotrons, Magnicons, und Frei-Elektronen-Maser berichtet.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-wis23tsqld.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers. Update 2015 (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7717)

Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 minutes (CPI and European FZK-CRPP-CEA-TED collaboration). The world record parameters of the European 140 GHz gyrotron are: 0.92 MW output power at 30 min. pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity and 43% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector for energy recovery. This results in an energy content of 1.66 GJ! A maximum output power of 1.2 MW in 4.1 s pulses was generated with the JAERI-TOSHIBA 110 GHz gyrotron. The Russian and the Japan 170 GHz ITER gyrotrons achieved 0.5 MW with pulse durations of 80 s and 500 s, respectively. Diagnostic gyrotrons deliver Pout = 40 kW with T = 40 ps at frequencies up to 650 GHz (η > 4%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require gyrotrons with the following parameters: f ≥ 24 GHz, Pout = 4-50 kW, CW, η ≥ 30%. This paper gives an update of the experimental achievements related to the development of high power gyrotron oscillators for long pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for plasma diagnostics. In addition, this work gives a short overview of the present development status of coaxial-cavity gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological applications, relativistic gyrotrons, quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWO's, gyropeniotrons, magnicons, gyroharmonic converters, free electron masers (FEMs) and of vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. The highest CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are, respectively, 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz). The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility obtained a record average power of 10 kW in the wavelength range 1-14 μm.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-1hjvu6fax8.pdf

State-of-the-art of high power gyro-devices and free electron masers. Update 2005

Advanced transverse field collector sweeping for high power gyrotrons

B. Piosczyk, A. Arnold, E. Borie, G. Dammertz, O. Dumbrajs, R. Heidinger, S. Illy, J. Jin, K. Koppenburg, G. Michel, T. Rzesnicki, M. Thumm, X. Yang Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Association EURATOM-FZK, IHM, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany, University Karlsruhe, Institute of High-Frequency Techniques and Electronics, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany Helsinki University of Technology, Association EURATOM-TEKES, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland. Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics, Ass. EURATOM-IPP, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany

https://www.ec13.iapras.ru/papers/Piosczyk.pdf

Development of Advanced High Power Gyrotrons for EC H&CD Applications in Fusion Plasmas

Note: 9th ITG-Fachbericht, Proc. Displays and Vacuum Electronics, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, May 2001 Reference CRPP-CONF-2001-032 Record created on 2008-05-13, modified on 2017-05-12

Conceptual studies of different collector coil concepts for high power CW gyrotrons

A prototype of a 1 MW, CW, 140 GHz conventional gyrotron for the W7-X stellarator in Greifswald/Germany has been tested successfully and the fabrication of series tubes started. In extended studies the feasibility for manufacturing a continuously operated high power coaxial cavity gyrotron has been demonstrated and all needed data for an industrial design has been obtained. Based on this results the fabrication of a first prototype of a 2 MW, CW, 170 GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron started recently in cooperation between European research institutions and European tube industry. The prototype tube is foreseen to be tested in 2006 at CRPP Lausanne where a suitable test facility is under construction.

Development of steady-state 2 MW, 170 GHz gyrotrons for ITER

Note: Proc. 25th Int. Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Beijing, China, September 2000, 183-184 (2000) Reference CRPP-CONF-2000-036 Record created on 2008-05-13, modified on 2017-05-12

Comparison of different collector-coil concepts for high power CW gytrotrons

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