Sol–gel method was used to successfully produce dilute magnetic semiconductor (
 $${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1-\mathrm{x}-\mathrm{y}}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{\mathrm{y}}$$
 O) nanoparticles. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrical conductivity tests were used to investigate the structural and electrical properties of the prepared samples. FTIR spectra are used to examine the functional chemical bonding properties of various elements and compounds found in materials. The dopant's incorporation into the ZnO framework structure is confirmed by FTIR spectra. The dominance of the Mn–O or Cr–O interaction in the Zn–O–Mn or Zn–O–Cr bonds may result from an increase in Mn or Cr concentration in the wurtzite structure, which could lead to structural stress and defects. Within the frequency range of 0.042 kHz–1 MHz and the temperature range of 298–573(K), the conductivity (σac) was measured. The increase in conductivity values is more pronounced for samples with lower doping concentrations of Mn and Cr. The maximum $${\upsigma }_{\mathrm{ac}}$$
 value is reached in the sample with 1.5% Mn and 0.5% Cr. The maximum ɛʹ value reached in the sample with 10% Cr. The prepared samples are considered as candidates for semiconductor materials in electronic devices.

Role of Mn/Cr dual-doped ZnO nanoparticles of diluted magnetic semiconductors: influence on structural and electrical properties

Impact on Structural, Morphological, and compositional properties of CZTS thin films annealed in different environments

Robust ferromagnetic V0.05-XCoxZn0.95O (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) nano-compounds: New dilute magnetic-semiconductors with tailored optical activity

A series of zinc oxide co-doped Mn2+ and/or Cr3+ were prepared via the citrate sol-gel method. Full photoluminescence (PL) analysis including emission, excitation, CIE chromaticity, and lifetime identifications of the prepared samples were carried out. The emission spectra impart a characteristic multiline of emissions under UV excitation. The result of these emissions was the appearance of blue color as basic light emission. The depth of blue light was detected at fixed UV excitation and it was mainly dependent on the type and ratio of additions from Mn2+ and/or Cr3+. Single Mn2+ or Cr3+ co-doped samples have the highest life time values than those of mixed Mn2+ together with Cr3+ co-doped samples. The results indicated that the preparation via the sol-gel technique can lead to a promising photoluminescent material.

Photoluminescence behavior of nano-structured sol-gel prepared zinc oxide activated with manganese and/or chromium ions

Sol‒gel synthesis, structure, ferromagnetism and optical properties of Mn‒doped titania diluted magnetic semiconductors nanoparticles

Citrate sol–gel method has been employed for synthesis of Zn1˗x˗yMnxCryO nanomaterials. Binary Zn0.9Mn0.1O and Zn0.9Cr0.1O nanomaterials were prepared and their optical and magnetic properties were investigated as reference compositions for the individual behavior of both of Mn- and Cr doping, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. For low Mn–Cr-codoping contents, i.e., 2 and 4%, XRD revealed formation of single-phase ZnO nanoparticles in the wurtzite type hexagonal lattice, whereas 10% doping concentration, either Mn- or Cr-single doping or codoping, resulted in formation of wurtzite ZnO as a major phase with ZnMnO3 or/and ZnCr2O4 secondary phases. From XRD and HRTEM, the produced nanomaterials have average crystallite sizes ranged from 15 to 35 nm. Applying Kubelka–Munk function, optical band gap energy (Eopt) was determined. Eopt of single Mn- and Cr-doped ZnO increased than that of bulk ZnO mainly due to Burstein–Moss effect, whereas it decreased in the codoped Zn1−x−yMnxCryO because of the negative and positive corrections in the conduction and valence band, respectively, brought about by alteration of the sp–d exchange interactions between the band electrons and the localized d-electrons of the Mn2+ and Cr3+ ions. Magnetization measurements indicated that Cr induced the paramagnetism, while Mn induced the RT ferromagnetism in the synthesized Zn1−x−yMnxCryO nanoparticles. The ferromagnetic Zn1−x−yMnxCryO compositions could be potential candidates for Mn–Cr-codoped ZnO-based DMS nanoparticles.

Structure, optical and ferromagnetic properties of Zn1−x−yMnxCryO nanoparticles diluted magnetic semiconductors synthesized by citrate sol–gel method

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Structure, optical and ferromagnetic properties of Zn1−x−yMnxCryO nanoparticles diluted magnetic semiconductors synthesized by citrate sol–gel method